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Ukraine Has Turned Russia Into a Second Theater of War

Ukraine’s expanding drone campaign has made Russian territory a durable second theater of the war, with mounting military, economic, and political consequences for Moscow.

Второй театр войны: как и почему весенняя кампания ударов по российской инфраструктуре меняет соотношение сил в противостоянии России и Украины
Re: Russia · 1 July 2025 · read the original in Russian →

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Over just the past three months, Ukraine has carried out 55 successful strikes on Russian oil infrastructure and another 18 on other industrial facilities. Although the intensity of this campaign does not exceed the level reached in the final months of last year, the increased striking power of drones and the cascading principle of the attacks are raising the damage inflicted.

Ukraine’s 2026 air campaign looks like another turning point in the war. For the previous three years of fighting, Ukraine’s critical weakness was its lack of long-range, high-precision weapons: cruise and ballistic missiles.

By increasing the striking power, range, and number of its drones, Ukraine has come close to offsetting this deficiency as much as possible. Although improved Ukrainian drones still have less destructive power than heavy missiles, they are far cheaper, and therefore easier to scale up; as a result, they are guaranteed to overload air defenses and make it possible to launch cascading strikes on selected targets.

As a result, Ukraine has managed definitively to turn Russian territory into a second theater of military operations. This irreversible change in the character of the Russo-Ukrainian war will have, and already is having, serious military, economic, and political consequences. The technological capacity and scale of Ukrainian attacks on Russian territory are, in all likelihood, set to grow in the near future.

According to Re: Russia’s calculations, based on an analysis of reports by the Ukrainian news agencies UNIAN and UNN, in the first five months of 2026 the Armed Forces of Ukraine carried out 68 strikes on various Russian oil infrastructure facilities, 55 of them in the past three months. In addition, 18 strikes were carried out on other industrial facilities in Russia. Obviously, these statistics include only successful strikes on significant targets; what is at issue here is the dynamics and intensity of precisely such events.

Over the whole of 2025, by our calculations, the Armed Forces of Ukraine carried out 157 successful strikes on Russian oil infrastructure facilities and 55 on other industrial facilities. The average intensity of successful strikes in 2025 and 2026 is therefore comparable: 17.7 and 17.2 per month, respectively. In reality, as can be seen in Chart 1, we are dealing with two periods of high-intensity attacks on distant targets, or deep strikes: August-December 2025 and March-May 2026. And although the intensity of strikes in the first period is somewhat higher, at 28.4 per month, than in the second, at 23.7 per month, the second campaign, which by all appearances is only now unfolding, substantially surpasses the previous one in effectiveness and striking power.

The main target of Ukraine’s long-range strikes, as is well known, is Russian oil infrastructure, which Kyiv, not without reason, regards as the Achilles’ heel of the Russian war machine. In 2025, strikes on this infrastructure accounted for 75 percent of all successful strikes; in the first five months of 2026, they accounted for almost 80 percent. Strikes on Russian oil refineries accounted for about 40 percent of all successful deep strikes both in 2025 and in the first months of 2026. But the share of attacks on maritime oil terminals has changed dramatically: last year they accounted for only 4 percent of strikes, nine over the course of the year, whereas at the beginning of 2026 they already accounted for more than 20 percent, or 18 attacks.

As in 2025, the Armed Forces of Ukraine used the tactic of cascading strikes on the same key facilities, seeking to disable them to the greatest possible extent (see Table 1 in the Appendix). At the same time, unlike last year, the new campaign was initially focused with precision on oil export infrastructure: both oil-loading terminals and the refineries linked to them that produce petroleum products for foreign markets (→ Re: Russia: The Kremlin’s Baltic Hormuz). The Baltic ports of Primorsk and Ust-Luga were struck five and six times, respectively, in March-April. Another seven successful strikes hit Black Sea port infrastructure: three on facilities in Novorossiysk, two in Taman, and one each on the port of Temryuk and the Feodosia oil terminal in Crimea.

Twelve strikes on oil export infrastructure, the ports of Ust-Luga, Primorsk, and Novorossiysk, were carried out in the brief interval between March 22 and April 7. As we have already written, this led to a sharp reduction in seaborne exports of oil and petroleum products from Russia. According to vessel-tracking data used by Bloomberg, the drop in shipments was observed over three weeks, from March 22 to April 12. After April 7, however, the strikes on export capacity stopped. One may suppose that this was the result of requests from the United States and Ukraine’s European allies, who were concerned that the reduction in Russian supplies was worsening the oil crisis caused by the closure of the Strait of Hormuz. Kyiv, it appears, had to accept a compromise and temporarily abandon this line of attack. At the same time, the oil terminals at Taman, Temryuk, and Feodosia continued to be struck during May.

After that, Ukrainian attacks were concentrated above all on Russian refineries: from April 16 to May 31, 21 strikes were carried out on 10 plants. During this period, the Armed Forces of Ukraine most often hit the Tuapse refinery, which had been attacked three times in 2025 and four times between April 16 and May 1. As a result of prolonged burning in oil tanks, the environmental situation in the city deteriorated sharply and an “oil rain” fell. The Yaroslavl refinery, which had already been attacked four times in 2025, was again subjected to a series of strikes in March-May 2026: four strikes on the plant itself and two on an oil pumping station.

In addition, since the beginning of 2025 we have counted 76 successful Ukrainian airstrikes on other, non-oil-related industrial facilities, 18 of them in the first five months of 2026. Overall, throughout 2025 the Armed Forces of Ukraine’s targets were dominated by producers of electronics, with 15 strikes, as well as explosives and ammunition, with 9, and missiles, with 8. This year, the leading targets so far are fertilizer plants, with 4 strikes, followed by aircraft production, electronics, and explosives, with 3 each; see Table 2 in the Appendix.

In 2026, the Armed Forces of Ukraine struck plants in Tver, Novgorod, and Ulyanovsk regions for the first time. At the same time, enterprises in Tula region, which had been among the Armed Forces of Ukraine’s main targets in 2025, with nine strikes, three of them on the Shipunov Instrument Design Bureau and two on the Aleksin chemical plant, were not attacked once in 2026. Kremniy El, a producer of electronic components for missile control systems, was hit by Ukrainian strikes three times; after Storm Shadow missiles struck it in March 2026, the plant was probably critically damaged or destroyed. Another success for the Armed Forces of Ukraine was the strike on the night of February 22 on the Votkinsk plant in Udmurtia, where components are produced for Iskander, Oreshnik, Yars, and other missiles. Thus, this class of strikes is oriented almost exclusively toward undermining Russian military production and finding bottlenecks in the supply chains for its components.

The actual damage inflicted on the Russian oil sector by Ukrainian strikes is extremely difficult to calculate at present, not least because Russian statistics on the production of oil and petroleum products remain classified. According to the monthly reports of the International Energy Agency, oil production in Russia in February and April 2026 fell by 5 percent compared with last year’s levels. It is impossible to say to what extent this is specifically connected with Ukrainian strikes. Yet one fact looks highly eloquent: despite the extremely strained situation with budget revenues and the suspension of U.S. sanctions on Russian oil, which made it possible to increase export shipments, Russia is not using its oil production quota under the OPEC+ agreement. In February-April, according to the IEA, oil production volumes amounted to 92 percent of the quota; see Table 3 in the Appendix. Finally, according to recently published Rosstat data, production of petroleum products in April 2026 fell by 9 percent compared with April 2025. But how stable all these trends are will become clear only from the May statistics: the main waves of Ukrainian attacks on Russian refineries came in the second half of April and in May, with 18 attacks.

According to Reuters’ calculations as of May 15, about 700,000 barrels of refining capacity at 16 refineries had been taken out of service since the beginning of the year, twice as much as in the same period last year. This resulted from the shutdown of 35 primary distillation units with a combined capacity of more than 2.85 million barrels per day, whereas over the same period in 2025 Ukrainian strikes led to the shutdown of 12 units with capacity of 1.37 million barrels per day, the agency says. In the second half of May, the same Reuters noted: “Virtually all major oil refineries in central Russia were forced to suspend or reduce fuel production” this spring. Forbes, citing analysts at Freedom Finance Global, writes that as a result of the attacks on the Tuapse refinery in spring 2026, 24 of the plant’s 47 tanks were completely destroyed. The enterprise was forced to halt operations, and if repairs drag on for even a quarter, Rosneft’s exports of petroleum products could fall by 8-10 percent, the publication’s sources believe. And according to estimates by the analytics company OilX, cited by Bloomberg, oil refining in Russia as a whole amounted to 4.58 million barrels per day in May, 13 percent less than in May of last year.

One way or another, the Russian government has imposed a complete ban on gasoline exports, from April 1, and on fuel kerosene exports, from June 1. A shortage of AI-95 gasoline was already being felt on the exchange in the first ten days of May, Kommersant reported. On the consumer market, the gasoline shortage is so far growing rapidly in Crimea, although this is connected not with strikes on refineries but with the situation on the Novorossiya highway, where Ukrainian drones have to a considerable extent paralyzed traffic.

The full scale of the consequences of the Armed Forces of Ukraine’s spring offensive against the Russian oil sector will become clear in the next two or three months. Last year, the Russian authorities managed to cope with the growing gasoline shortage on the domestic market, in particular by drawing on the excess capacity of Belarusian refineries (→ Re: Russia: The Gasoline Hook). In 2025, however, the intensive drone-attack campaign began only in August, and its striking power was lower.

Although in the censored Russian press the causes of tension on the fuel market are described exclusively by the euphemism “unscheduled refinery repairs,” it was at the end of April that public perception of Ukrainian drone strikes changed. In the Public Opinion Foundation’s weekly polls since late April, “shelling of Russian territories” has risen to first place on the list of recent events respondents remembered: it is mentioned by 15-18 percent of respondents, whereas in previous months the figure was 5-6 percent. This means that over the past month and a half Ukrainian strikes have dominated the information background: “endless shelling, and we are doing nothing”; “they are bombing Moscow”; “we constantly have sirens, drones.” It is interesting that in the late-May poll, Ukrainian shelling “won” the information race even over the strike on the dormitory in Starobilsk, with 14 percent of mentions versus 9 percent.

The Armed Forces of Ukraine do not often disclose the weapons used in their long-range strikes. By all appearances, however, the use of missiles in them remains extremely limited, almost one-off. The Russian Defense Ministry claimed that in 2024 the Armed Forces of Ukraine launched more than 90 Storm Shadow missiles at Russian territory, and in 2025 only about 45. The military analyst Oleksandr Kovalenko counted nine verified Flamingo missile strikes in the first five months of 2026, mostly on military facilities and plants, including the Votkinsk plant in Udmurtia. Cases of Storm Shadow/SCALP use also remain isolated: in 2026 we found six verified attacks using them, including on the Kremniy El plant in Bryansk region.

The growing effectiveness of Ukrainian attacks is connected above all with the improvement of domestically produced drones: the expansion of the line of long-range drones, including the FP-1, Beaver, Sichen, and others, as well as the modernization of the Liutyi UAV. Since the second half of last year, they have been fitted with a more powerful warhead: up to 75 kilograms instead of 50. The drone’s design has also been modernized: a version without landing gear has appeared, launched from a stationary catapult or a mobile launcher. This reduces fuel consumption, thereby increasing speed and range.

The real breakthrough has been the increase in the range of new drone modifications, which can cover distances of more than 1,500 kilometers and will soon reach a range of 3,000 kilometers, as Volodymyr Zelensky assures. In the 2026 long-range-strike campaign, what stands out is the increased share of successful attacks at distances greater than 900 kilometers. Of the 32 strikes in the first half of 2025, only 2 had such depth; in the second half of the year, they already accounted for 25 percent of successful strikes, and in the first half of 2026 for 45 percent; see Table 3 in the Appendix.

Finally, the third necessary factor was the increase in the number of long-range drones. The Russian army’s ability to protect facilities far from the front line has declined, among other reasons, because of the Armed Forces of Ukraine’s effective campaign of mid-range strikes, which led to the systematic destruction of Russian air defense and electronic warfare systems (→ Re: Russia: War of Attrition in the Air). Still, air defense capabilities are in any case limited in the face of swarm drone attacks: their capacity makes it possible to protect only a limited number of targets. As the Atlantic Council analyst Peter Dickinson wittily noted, Russia’s territorial size, in the face of drone deep strikes, has turned from an advantage into a vulnerability: Ukraine’s unmanned forces have an unlimited choice of targets, which cannot all be covered simultaneously.

The attack on Moscow on May 17, however, demonstrated the limitations even of a dense air-defense system against a massive drone attack: a wave of 160 UAVs was able to break through the rings of air defense and hit several targets in Moscow and the Moscow region. Ukraine had begun increasing the waves of attacks toward Moscow and launching more long-range drones against Russia than Russia was launching toward Ukraine, analysts noted back at the beginning of 2026. Awareness of the turning point seems to have come to the Russian authorities already in April and spilled over into a security hysteria on the eve of the May 9 celebrations. Vladimir Putin had to resort to threats and diplomacy, including mediation by Donald Trump, to secure his crumpled Victory Day parade. Eight days later, Ukrainian command nevertheless demonstrated the fundamental vulnerability of the Moscow region in the face of a massive drone attack.

This is the key and, in a certain sense, fateful significance of Ukraine’s deep-strike campaign in the spring of 2026. For a long time it was believed that even relative parity in airstrikes between Ukraine and Russia was unattainable until Ukraine received a sufficient arsenal of cruise and ballistic missiles. Although the striking power of unmanned systems still remains far from that of heavy missiles, one can say that the latter’s advantage over drones is shrinking rapidly. This is above all because of production cost, which makes it possible to compensate for drones’ shortcomings by increasing the number of long-range drones and expanding their capacity for precision strikes.

The essence of this “revolution in military affairs” is precisely described by Andriy Zahorodniuk, a visiting expert at the Carnegie Endowment’s Eurasia program and Ukraine’s defense minister in 2019-2020. First, Starlink technology has expanded the ability to control strike FPV drones, and they now have advantages even over cruise missiles: the latter do not provide constant situational awareness and do not make it possible to retask targets in flight. But the main change lies in cheapening and scaling. The logic of the previous stage of technological development in military affairs was to replace mass with precision. Yet this made high-precision long-range weapons very expensive. Against this background, Ukraine has “democratized precision and made its mass application possible” at relatively low cost, Zahorodniuk writes. This revolution will continue, including through increased drone striking power. And the balance of comparative advantages in the pair “long-range drones versus precision missiles” will shift in favor of the former.

In any case, it can already be said today that, despite never receiving long-range, high-precision weapons from its Western allies in sufficient quantities, Ukraine has managed definitively to turn the territory of Russia into a second theater of military operations. This change is irreversible, and the technological capacity and scale of Ukrainian attacks will most likely only grow in the near future.

Ground-Air-Ground: Ukraine’s offensive against logistics in the occupied territories enters a new stage

The next month and a half should answer the key question of military strategy at the present stage in the development of drone warfare: can dominance in the small sky, aimed at paralyzing the enemy’s logistics and supply channels, be transformed into a change in the situation and in zones of control on the ground?

A Break with Reality: Why Vladimir Putin is assessing what is happening ever less adequately, and insisting on it ever more forcefully

The false picture of the Russian army’s successes “on the ground” is meant to sustain an entire universe of ideas about the war, comfortable for Vladimir Putin, and the governing principles linked to them. This system of ideas, however, is categorically at odds with the changes in the character of the war that are taking place under the influence of new technologies.

Under Attack by the Forces of the Sky: Can Russia find an answer to Ukraine’s asymmetric counteroffensive?

Russia is today in its most difficult situation since the autumn of 2022, when the Russian army was forced to retreat from territories it had previously occupied. The asymmetric counteroffensive that the Armed Forces of Ukraine are expanding thanks to their newly acquired superiority in the air allows some officials to speak of a turning point in the war.

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