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The Octagon: Here Is the Citadel of the Mountain, as Egypt’s Seat of Power Returns 800 Years into the Past

The essay argues that relocating Egypt’s strategic command and state institutions to a fortified desert capital revives a medieval logic of rule by distance and fear, in defiance of constitutional modernity and popular participation.

الأوكتاجون: هنا قلعة الجبل
Al Manassa · 23 November 2024 · read the original in Arabic →

الأوكتاجون: هنا قلعة الجبل عودة مقر حكم مصر إلى الخلف 800 عام

The Octagon: Here Is the Citadel of the Mountain, as Egypt’s Seat of Power Returns 800 Years into the Past

مشهد مهيب؛ الرئيس بين يديه كبارُ رجال السلطة يفتتح الأوكتاجون/مقر القيادة الاستراتيجية لمصر، في "العاصمة الإدارية الجديدة" التي شيدت في صحراء مصر الشرقية بعيدًا عن العمران، والاحتفالات تعم البلاد.

An imposing scene: the president, with the senior men of power before him, inaugurates the Octagon, Egypt’s Strategic Command headquarters, in the “New Administrative Capital” built in Egypt’s eastern desert, far from settled life, while celebrations sweep the country.

The scene is not only imposing; it is ancient as well. Taking fortified and remote seats of government is a custom that goes back to the Middle Ages: ruling the country from inside castles built atop mountains, where the administrations of rule are secured, where sultans reside, and where bureaus are established, giving them protection from any invasion or attack from within or without.

Mountain citadels of rule were then a military strategy, whether to hinder horses in an assault on the citadels, to prevent their walls from being stormed, or to protect them from popular uprisings in times of revolution.

Egypt’s Citadels and Their Rulersقلاع مصر وحكامها

After government under the Fatimid state had been administered from the heart of Cairo, especially from the Gamaliya district, through two palaces of rule built by al-Muizz li-Din Allah al-Fatimi and his son al-Aziz, one the Great Eastern Palace and the other the Western Palace, linked by a street where celebrations and festivals were held and later called Bayn al-Qasrayn, the Ayyubid sultan al-Kamil ibn al-Adil completed, in 1207 CE, the construction of the Citadel of the Mountain atop the Muqattam hill, whose founding Saladin had begun before his death, so that it became the administrative seat of Egypt’s rule.

There the sultan resided and managed the affairs of the country through the various specialized bureaus, such as the bureau for minting coinage, the military command, the preservation of records of state property, and the treasury headquarters.

The citadel remained a safe refuge for Egypt’s rulers until the era of the Mamluk governor Uthman Bey al-Bardisi, who came to the fore after the French campaign departed in 1805 and went to excess in imposing taxes and levies on the people. The Egyptian people’s revolution then broke out against him, and people ascended the Citadel of the Mountain under the leadership of Sheikh Omar Makram, chanting, “What will become of you, Bardisi, from my bankruptcy?”, in protest against the heavy taxes and levies, and demanding the dismissal of Governor Uthman Bey al-Bardisi and the appointment of the Albanian commander of the Ottoman garrison, Muhammad Ali the Great, who ordered that the demonstrators not be harmed and that they be protected during the revolution.

Muhammad Ali came to power in 1805, settled in the citadel, and finished building the “Muhammad Ali Mosque” in 1809. In that same year he exiled the leader Omar Makram, who had worked to install him as ruler of the country, and in 1811 he carried out the massacre of the Mamluks to rid himself of the influence of Ibrahim Bey and Murad Bey, the Mamluk leaders who rivaled him in ruling the country. After that he ruled Egypt alone until his death, and his children after him continued what came to be called the rule of the Alawiyya dynasty.

The World Changesالعالم يتغير

In the mid-eighteenth century, Egypt was not isolated from the astonishing and immense developments the world witnessed in that era under the influence of the Industrial Revolution in every social, economic, political, intellectual, cultural, and legal sphere, among them the spread of ideas of the rule of law, the constitution, and the administration of countries’ affairs through parliaments and representative councils.

Egypt was affected by those developments thanks to the scholarly and scientific missions sent at the time to the countries of Europe. They observed, monitored, transmitted, were influenced, and exerted influence, which was reflected in the system of government in the age of Khedive Ismail, who established the Consultative Council of Deputies in 1866, then set up the first Council of Ministers in 1878, and issued Egypt’s first constitution in 1879 under the leadership of Muhammad Sharif Pasha.

Khedive Ismail descended from the citadel to Abdeen Palace to rule in the midst of the people and among them.

Amid these political developments, with which the Egyptian national movement interacted, there had necessarily to be a development in the concept of where seats of government were established. It was no longer fitting to administer the affairs of states from castles built atop mountains, fortified by walls and far from peoples. In the age of constitutions, laws, and the participation of peoples in managing the affairs of their countries, such ideas had become a stigma, an indication of the ugliness of the Middle Ages and of what they represented: the monopolizing of rule by princes, Mamluks, and sultans.

Thus in 1874 the rule of the citadel, which had lasted 600 years, came to an end, and the seat of state administration moved to Abdeen Palace in the center of the Egyptian capital, Cairo. Khedive Ismail descended from the citadel to rule in the midst of the people and among them, a step considered one of the most important developments in Egypt’s political life at the time.

Despite the outbreak of the Urabi Revolt in 1882, and Ahmed Urabi’s confrontation, with the army, of Khedive Tawfiq before Abdeen Palace in a demonstration against the policies by which he had then drowned the country in debt, allowing British foreign intervention in the administration of the country’s affairs and leading to occupation, the seat of rule remained as it was, in the midst of the people and among them, at the heart of Khedival Cairo, for more than 150 years. Neither the khedive nor any member of the Alawiyya dynasty after him thought of returning to rule Egypt through the citadel.

A Return to the Age of Sultansعودة لعصر السلاطين

It is difficult to understand or explain what happened on Sunday, July 5, with the inauguration of the Strategic Command headquarters far from people and habitation, apart from this historical context: the movement of power in the Middle Ages to fortified citadels, especially as it comes within the broader context that has seen the completion of the transfer of ministries, government bodies, and all Egyptian state institutions to the heart of a distant desert, in an area surrounded by high walls and far from the people.

The reasons for this move are clear, indeed declared. “Those little events of 2011, up to June 30,” as the president noted in his inauguration speech, point to the motives. He stated this directly when he said: “Why is the state’s Strategic Command located here? Because once upon a time the Constitutional Court was being besieged; once upon a time the Council of Ministers was being besieged; once upon a time they were threatening the Ministry of Defense; once upon a time they were besieging Media Production City.” Therefore the presence of the Strategic Command “in the heart of our capital, our new capital,” is not “a coincidence, but a living embodiment of the pillars of the new republic, for the state’s Strategic Command represents a qualitative leap in the command-and-control system and the management of operations.”

If this represents a return to administering the rule of the state with the mentality of the Middle Ages, and a retreat 800 years into the past, to the eras of the first sultans, its danger is not summed up only in its reactionary nature, nor in its resemblance to colonial ideas, which in the modern age are practiced only by alien rulers who fear the peoples they govern by the force of de facto authority, compelling them to maintain a great distance between themselves and the peoples under their rule.

The real danger is that such ideas pave the way for the return of systems of rule by sultans, kings, or princes, and for regression to the ages before modernity, constitutions, local laws, international law, the right of people to determine their fate, and the right of peoples to participate in managing the affairs of their countries; those ages in which peoples are transformed into mere subjects and slaves, burdened with obligations and possessing no rights at all.

But today that seems difficult, indeed impossible, whatever this government may do, for no reason other than that its brilliant ideas run in the opposite direction from history and the march of civilized nations. The seats from which peoples are governed now have their natural place in the city, amid neighborhoods and citizens; mountains, deserts, and fortified castles are no longer suitable places from which to administer the affairs of states.

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