‹ Dragoman · Edition 23
Translated from Korean · 9 June 2026
translated from Korean

What the Shareholders’ Backlash Means

Samsung Electronics’ bonus agreement has turned a labor dispute over performance pay into a broader contest over who may claim the corporation’s residual profits: workers, shareholders, management, or society at large.

‘세전 영업이익 N%’ 삼성전자 노사 합의안이 부를 파문
SisaIN · 전혜원 기자 · 8 June 2026 · read the original in Korean →

The tentative agreement between Samsung Electronics’ management and labor over performance bonuses has been approved with 73.7 percent voting in favor. In the Samsung Electronics branch of the Samsung Group Supra-Enterprise Union, 80.6 percent of voting members supported it. The Supra-Enterprise Union is organized mainly around the semiconductor, or DS, division, which is expected to receive high bonuses after posting large operating profits. By contrast, 78.9 percent of voting members in the National Samsung Electronics Union opposed the deal. The NSEU has a relatively high proportion of members from the finished-products, or DX, division. Finished products, including smartphones and home appliances, are businesses with less robust operating margins. But only 7,283 NSEU members voted. That was not enough to overturn the strong approval from the Samsung Electronics branch of the Supra-Enterprise Union, where 55,333 members took part.

Until now, Samsung Electronics has paid its excess-profit incentive, or OPI, according to “20 percent of EVA,” economic value added, a figure calculated by a complex method and disclosed only to management, with a cap of 50 percent of annual salary. Samsung Electronics’ unions demanded instead that bonuses be paid without a cap, at 15 percent of “operating profit,” a figure anyone can grasp intuitively, rather than EVA. Under the agreement approved in this vote and signed by labor and management, the company will pay, for ten years and without a cap, 10.5 percent of “management performance agreed upon by labor and management” as a special management-performance bonus for the semiconductor division. According to the company’s response disclosed by the Samsung Electronics branch of the Supra-Enterprise Union, “management performance agreed upon by labor and management” here is “calculated on the basis of the amount remaining after labor costs, including provisions for OPI,” the existing bonus, “are excluded from operating profit.” OPI will continue to be paid under the existing formula.

Because the agreement does not explicitly mention “operating profit,” there is room for interpretation between labor and management. Yet judging from the company’s published explanation, it seems clear that the source of the special management-performance bonus begins not from the old EVA but from “operating profit” after labor costs such as OPI have been excluded. On May 20, however, President Lee Jae-myung said in opening remarks at a cabinet meeting held together with an emergency economic review meeting: “It is investors and shareholders who receive a share of operating profit,” adding, “To divide it institutionally at a fixed percentage before taxes are even deducted is something investors themselves cannot do.” Is this a sound criticism?

To answer that question, let us look at the flow of a company’s income statement. “Operating profit” means the profit a company earns purely from its core business. From “gross sales,” the revenue earned by selling goods and services, one subtracts the “cost of goods sold,” including raw materials, intermediate goods, wages for factory workers, and factory depreciation. From that, one again subtracts “selling, general and administrative expenses,” including wages for workers in sales, administration, marketing, human resources, finance, and research and development, as well as CEO compensation. The resulting figure is operating profit. Add “non-operating income,” which the company earns outside its core business, such as from stocks or real estate, and subtract “non-operating expenses,” such as interest the company must pay on borrowed money, and the result is EBT, earnings before taxes. From EBT, the state takes corporate tax at a certain rate, and what remains is net income. It is from this net income that distribution between the company, as a legal person, and shareholders takes place. The portion of net income retained internally by the company becomes the basis for future research and development or facilities investment. If the company buys back and eliminates its own shares, or returns money to shareholders as dividends, the shareholders’ share grows. See the figure.

Let us return to President Lee Jae-myung’s remarks. As Lee said, shareholders may demand their share of “net income.” But shareholders cannot intervene at the stage before taxes are deducted. On the income statement, the stages before EBT are the arena of negotiation and struggle among the company, workers, suppliers, and creditors, such as banks. That is because EBT is what remains after workers’ wages and bonuses, suppliers’ delivery payments, and creditors’ interest are subtracted from gross sales. Seen this way, the president’s remarks can also be read as needlessly problematizing the tug-of-war between labor and management that naturally takes place before taxes are deducted.

Yet there is also a point in the president’s remarks. In this negotiation, the Samsung Electronics union succeeded in part in pressing its demand that bonuses be paid as “a fixed percentage of operating profit,” after subtracting the amount paid under the existing bonus scheme. But if we look at the flow of the income statement described above, the size of operating profit is determined only after wages and bonuses for employees have first been fixed as “cost of goods sold” and “selling, general and administrative expenses.” The union is now asking that a fixed percentage of the operating profit determined as a result be paid out again as bonuses.

This creates a circular phenomenon, like a Moebius strip. Suppose, for example, that workers at a certain company demand 10 percent of operating profit as a bonus. If the company’s operating profit is 10 billion won and its interest expense is 9 billion won, EBT is 1 billion won. After paying 200 million won in corporate tax, 800 million won in net income remains. Now suppose the company pays workers an additional bonus of 1 billion won, equal to 10 percent of operating profit. That 1 billion won will be reflected as a cost in cost of goods sold and SG&A. Operating profit falls to 9 billion won; since interest expense is 9 billion won, EBT is zero, corporate tax is zero, and net income is zero. It is a somewhat extreme example, but the essential point, says Lee Jun-il, a professor of accounting at Kyung Hee University, is that “workers are stakeholders who have already taken their share, in the form of wages, from cost of goods sold and selling and administrative expenses.” He adds: “For a labor union to demand, as a fixed additional payment, a certain percentage of operating profit as a bonus is, by analogy, no different from a worker who has already received his meal cutting back into the line in front of shareholders waiting at the end to take more. It would be proper for shareholders, too, to make their demands after receiving their basic serving.”

The Union’s Demand and the “Moebius Strip”노동조합 요구와 ‘뫼비우스의 띠’

The tension between workers and shareholders becomes even clearer when viewed against the fact that the previous bonus criterion was “economic value added,” or EVA. EVA is the amount left after subtracting “capital costs” from “after-tax operating profit,” meaning the profit earned from the core business after excluding the corresponding portion of corporate tax. Here, capital costs mean the minimum return that shareholders and creditors “expect” in exchange for providing capital to the company. In other words, the very concept of EVA rests on the premise that shareholders’ share is considered first, and whatever remains is paid to workers as bonuses. It is not easy, however, to know what percentage shareholders expect as their share. In the end, the company calculates the amount to be returned to shareholders through various formulas; in that process, management can, at its discretion, increase capital costs and thereby reduce EVA and the bonuses calculated on that basis. Documents have also surfaced suggesting that management at Samsung Biologics, a Samsung Electronics affiliate, adjusted capital costs within EVA. The fact that workers refused to accept EVA as the criterion for calculating bonuses means that they will receive bonuses based on a much larger amount before corporate tax and capital costs are deducted. But it can also be interpreted, in effect, as a challenge to shareholders, in that it rejects a structure that considers shareholders’ share first.

Shareholders reacted sharply. Min Kyung-kwon, head of an organization called the Korea Shareholder Activism Headquarters, argues that Samsung Electronics’ labor-management agreement itself is illegal. He criticizes the payment of bonuses linked to and allocated as a fixed percentage of operating profit, a stage before corporate tax is paid, as a circumvention of the state’s taxing authority. Moreover, in the flow of the income statement, the stage “after corporate tax payment” corresponds to net income, which becomes “the shareholders’ share” unless the company retains it internally. For that reason, Min argues that paying bonuses without obtaining shareholder consent through the general shareholders’ meeting violates Article 462 of the Commercial Act. He has also announced plans to file a suit for nullification, arguing that if Samsung Electronics directors approve this labor-management agreement, they will be violating their “duty of loyalty to shareholders” under the revised Commercial Act and committing occupational breach of trust.

That argument, however, may conflict with other laws. Under the Corporate Tax Act, bonuses are treated as company expenses if certain requirements are met. Since corporate tax is imposed on EBT after various expenses have been deducted, one can also rebut the claim that paying bonuses constitutes a “circumvention of taxing authority.” If that logic is pursued, the bonuses may be understood as merely linked in outward form to operating profit, and therefore difficult to regard directly as “distribution of profits to shareholders,” or dividends, as stipulated in the Commercial Act.

Still, this bonus will be paid entirely in treasury shares. Under the revised Commercial Act, Article 341-4, treasury shares are in principle subject to cancellation within one year of acquisition; when an exception applies, such as compensation for executives and employees, the company must prepare a “treasury-share retention and disposal plan” and obtain approval from the general shareholders’ meeting. In other words, it is not because the company agreed to pay a fixed percentage of operating profit that a shareholders’ meeting is required; it is because payment will be made in treasury shares that shareholder approval is needed.

If shareholders at the general meeting take issue with the disposal of treasury shares for the purpose of compensating executives and employees, implementation of the labor-management agreement could become difficult. Even then, however, “the labor-management agreement would not immediately become void or impossible to carry out,” explains attorney Jang Seok-woo, a certified public accountant with the Honam office of the Korean Metal Workers’ Union Legal Center. His point is that a court would make a comprehensive judgment by considering the wording of the labor-management agreement, the purpose of designating treasury shares as the payment instrument, the possibility of substitute cash payment, and whether the company made efforts to carry out necessary procedures such as shareholder approval.

What about directors’ duty of loyalty to shareholders? Attorney Jang said, “If the scale, duration, and financial impact of the bonus agreement are markedly significant, yet the board approves or executes it without any reasonable review, the issue of a director’s or representative director’s breach of the duty of loyalty to shareholders could be raised.” But in Jang’s view, absent highly exceptional and special circumstances, even if a director were found to have breached the duty of loyalty to shareholders, that would not immediately render the labor-management agreement void. He added that it would not be easy to establish either a breach of directors’ duty of loyalty or the crime of breach of trust, especially given that the agreement emerged after months of formal bargaining, mediation by the Labor Relations Commission, and government intermediation, and given that, as a result, a strike was averted and Samsung Electronics’ share price rose.

What the Shareholders’ Backlash Means주주들의 반발이 의미하는 것

The repercussions of this case, however, will go far beyond differences in legal interpretation. It appears likely to become a major turning point, pushing the conflicts and struggles among the stakeholders surrounding the company into a new phase. Shareholders are often called “residual claimants.” As the flow of the income statement shows, shareholders are defined as those who receive the portion left after the company pays wages to workers, repays interest to creditors, and even pays corporate tax. Unlike workers who have contracted to receive wages, shareholders have no right to demand recovery of their investment. They must bear the uncertainty that they may lose money. At the same time, as corporate value rises, they can claim a larger share for themselves. But if workers who have already received wages, and who can ordinarily be assured of their base pay even when the company posts a loss, are additionally guaranteed a fixed share of “residual profit belonging to shareholders,” then one may argue that workers come to resemble “residual claimants” like shareholders, beyond being “claimants on corporate costs,” namely wages. Of course, there is a precedent: in September of last year, SK Hynix labor and management agreed to pay 10 percent of operating profit as bonuses without a cap. But only in this Samsung Electronics bonus dispute have shareholders gone so far as to pressure directors over a labor-management wage agreement and invoke the general shareholders’ meeting. It is a symbolic scene, showing that shareholders, too, have now entered what had been the “arena of struggle between management and workers” and the “sphere of management’s business judgment” stretching from gross sales to EBT.

Against this, some argue that because workers, suppliers, local communities, and the state, rather than short-term minority shareholders with no interest in the company’s long-term performance, are the true risk-bearers, the right to claim a company’s residual profits belongs to these stakeholders rather than to shareholders. See the article “Who Is the Real Owner of That Performance?” in SisaIN No. 973.

Professor Lee Jun-il thinks somewhat differently. He agrees that all stakeholders, including workers, suppliers, local communities, and the state, bear some degree of risk. But he believes that restrictions on dismissal under the Labor Standards Act, priority repayment rights for wage claims, systems for protecting small and medium-sized enterprises, and policies supporting local economies already compensate for that risk. If these safeguards are insufficient, the institutions should be improved; it does not follow that the distribution structure of the joint-stock company must be changed.

“If there is a social consensus that part of profits should be distributed to all stakeholders, it can be enacted into law. But when one thing is chosen, something else is sacrificed. Shareholders’ limited liability is a structure in which, if a company’s business fails, shareholders lose only up to the amount they invested, and if it succeeds, they take all that remains. Because this asymmetrical structure exists, people undertake new ventures and start businesses even when they lack money. If the promise of the joint-stock company is weakened, who will spend tens of trillions of won to build semiconductor facilities, or spend ten years attempting to develop a new drug? The problem should be seen not as shareholder capitalism itself, but as short-termism. Is the key not to design institutions so that shareholders, managers, and workers alike do not focus only on short-term results or compensation?” Professor Lee Jun-il said.

As demands for “N percent of operating profit” as bonuses become an issue in labor-management relations at other companies as well, the share of firms that have introduced collective performance bonuses, or profit-sharing schemes, tied to business results is 43.8 percent among large companies but only 6.4 percent among small and medium-sized enterprises. Kim Jin-uk, head of external cooperation at the Hyundai Motor branch of the Korean Metal Workers’ Union, said: “We have demanded bonuses not based on operating profit, but on 30 percent of net income, after interest expenses and corporate tax are deducted, and we have included in-house subcontractors in that demand. Ultimately, we are trying to raise the share of base pay rather than variable bonuses. The labor movement is also demanding an extension of the retirement age and new hiring, so there is an aspect that feels frustrating when it appears to be excessively buried in bonuses.” After the Samsung Electronics labor-management agreement, not only distribution among the company, shareholders, and workers, but distribution within labor itself remains an unresolved task.

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시사IN SisaIN · read in Korean