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Aden's Crows

The Indian house crow, brought to Aden through colonial-era crossings from the subcontinent, has become a symbolically charged and materially devastating ecological, health, and social catastrophe that the city has repeatedly failed to contain.

غربان مدينة عدن: البُعد الثقافي والكارثة البيئية
Assafir Al-Arabi · By عبده منصور المحمودي · 2 July 2026 · read the original in Arabic →

في لحظات انتظارٍ صباحيّ، كنتُ أقضيها في واحد من مقاهي مدينة عدن، لفت انتباهي كهلٌ من أبناء عدن المعمِّرين. فاجأني ذكاؤه الحاد، الذي مكّنه من قراءة ما تعنيه ملامح وجهي من إشفاقٍ عليه، وما تواريه من تساؤلٍ صامت عن حاله، فبادر إلى الحديث معي عن سهره طيلة الليلة الفائتة، بجانب سرير ولده المريض في ذاك المستشفى الذي يقع في الجهة المقابلة لنا. في تلك اللحظة، كانت شرفات سطح المستشفى الذي أشار إليه مسرحاً لمجموعة كثيفة من الغربان، التي لم يكن انتشارها مقصوراً عليه، وإنما امتداداً لهيمنتها على أحياء المدينة كلها، إمّا على شكل مجموعاتٍ، تحلّق عاليةً، ثم تعود صاخبة النعيق، وإما على هيئة مجاميع متفرقة، تنتشر على شرفات المنازل، ولوحات الإعلانات، وعلى كل شيء تحطّ عليه من جغرافيا المدينة.

In the course of a morning wait that I was passing in one of the cafes of the city of Aden, my attention was caught by an old man, one of Aden's long-lived sons. I was taken aback by his sharp intelligence, which enabled him to read in my face the pity I felt for him, and the silent question it concealed about his condition. He took the initiative and began speaking to me about having stayed awake through the whole of the previous night beside the bed of his sick son in that hospital situated opposite us. At that moment, the terraces on the roof of the hospital to which he pointed were a stage for a dense company of crows. Their spread was not confined to that roof, but was an extension of their dominion over all the city's quarters: sometimes in groups circling high above, then returning with raucous caws, and sometimes as scattered clusters spreading over house balconies, advertising boards, and everything in the city's geography on which they could alight.

تطرّقنا إلى سر كثافة هذه الطيور في مدينة عدن، والبداية الأولى، التي وصلت فيها إلى المدينة، قبل أكثر من قرن ونصف، على يد الجالية الهندية التي كانت تعمل فيها.

We touched on the secret behind the density of these birds in the city of Aden, and on the first beginnings of their arrival in the city, more than a century and a half ago, at the hands of the Indian community that was working there.

Aden Region: The Makings of a State, 7 May 2014إقليم عدن: مؤهلات دولة 07-05-2014

Our conversation drew the attention of someone else present in the same place, and he joined our exchange without preamble. Busy with the light meal he was eating, he said: "Aden has become open to anyone and everyone; all that remains is the crows, and you are asking about the secret of their density in the city!" Passersby were turning their eyes toward the source of the cawing from the balconies of buildings, and I heard some of them speaking to their companions about its catastrophic effects, for which there was no remedy.

All those details carried me into a state of distraction and questioning about the relationship between the symbolism of crows in the Indian cultural inheritance and those who brought them to this city, which has been afflicted by their multiplication and spread until they have become a full-fledged environmental disaster, complete in its features and in its danger.

From India's Culture to Aden's Environmentمن ثقافة الهند إلى بيئة عدن

Many studies indicate that the original habitat of the crow is the Indian subcontinent. Biologists speak of this bird's traits: the diversity of its diet, ranging from seeds, fruits, and invertebrates to the carrion of dead animals; its excessive reproduction; its capacity to adapt to different conditions; its understanding of the intentions of those around it; and its intelligence, which exceeds the mere requirements of survival, discovered in 2002 in the Oxford laboratory of the scientist Alex Kacelnik[1].

The city of Aden was free of Indian crows until the first pairs reached it in 1840 aboard a ship coming from India, brought by a number of Indians who were working in the Aden colony during the days of the British occupation (1939-1967). In this context, some sources indicate that an infantry officer arrived in Aden from Bombay and released pairs of Indian crows there. Also widely circulated in local culture is the suggestion that migrants from the Parsee religious community were the ones who brought these birds, on various occasions, from the Indian subcontinent to the city of Aden.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has classified the crow as one of three birds that are the worst among the world's 100 invasive bird species. The problem of Indian crows spreading through the city of Aden has worsened, and their environmental harms have multiplied. Some of these relate to their droppings, which soil the roofs and balconies of homes, city pavements, and cars, and go so far as to pollute the human environment and its water sources. Other harms lead to the destruction of agricultural crops, injury to livestock, and threats to local birds and environmental diversity.

For all the variety in these indications, they converge with threads of Indian culture that go back to the crow's status in Hindu belief. The Indian epic the Ramayana indicates that the god of death took the form of a crow "to hide from the demon Ravana"[2].

The Duality of Good and Evilازدواجية الخير والشر

In passing over the crow's place in human religions and cultures, one sees their varied celebration of it. It is mentioned in different forms in the Torah, the Gospel, and the Noble Qur'an, especially in connection with teaching Cain how to bury his brother. A duality of vision concerning it, between good and evil, has prevailed in many cultures and religions: for example, its association with both in pre-Islamic Arab culture, according to the number of times it cawed, and then its association with evil alone after the emergence of Islam.

The same is true of the dual description of the crow as sacred and profane in many world religions and myths, or its sanctification in some and its defilement in others. For Jews it is an unclean bird; in ancient Persian religion it is the god of victorious battles, Verethragna. In Scandinavian myths it is a symbol of the divine message and a bearer of knowledge. It was also worshipped by the ancient Japanese, who made pilgrimages to it, the Yatagarasu. Among the Vikings it was the supreme god before it was transformed in their culture into a bird of ill omen, as it is in Roman and Greek cultures. In the ancient Egyptian and Chinese cultures, by contrast, it was a symbol of good: in the former it referred to pure love, and in the latter to joy and happiness.

The Catastrophe of Multiplication and Spreadكارثة التكاثر والانتشار

Since their first entry into Aden, the crows' reproduction accelerated, and they spread everywhere through the city's neighborhoods and coasts, until their number in 1955 reached around 100,000 crows, and in 1984 nearly 250,000. By 2007, their numbers had reached around 2 million crows, according to estimates by the Civil Aviation and Meteorology Authority, which pointed to the danger of their spread and their transformation into a real catastrophe, not in Aden alone, but also in a number of nearby areas such as Lahj and Abyan governorates. Some reports, at the beginning of the first decade of the twenty-first century, estimated the number of crows spread through Yemen at around 350,000 pairs.

Environmental, Health, and Social Harmsأضرار بيئية وصحية واجتماعيّة

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) had previously classified the crow among the three most invasive birds with a severe impact on ecosystems, because of the harm they cause to the environment, humans, and animals. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) likewise classified it as one of three birds that are the worst among the world's 100 invasive bird species. Thus the problem of Indian crows spreading through the city of Aden has worsened, and their environmental harms have multiplied. Some of these relate to crow droppings, which contaminate the roofs and balconies of homes, city pavements, and cars, and go so far as to pollute the human environment and its water sources. Among those harms, too, are those that lead to the destruction of agricultural crops, harm to livestock, and threats to local birds and environmental diversity, as crows attack the nests of wild birds and small sparrows, eat their young, and devour their eggs. This leads to a decline in their numbers in a way that warns of their elimination.

Among the dimensions of the health catastrophe is the role of crows in spreading intestinal diseases caused by salmonella bacteria. In this context comes the finding of a research study titled "A Potential Role for Crows in the Spread of Diarrheal Diseases in Aden." After examining a sample of crow livers and intestines, the study found some parasites matching strains previously isolated from patients who had been suffering from diarrhea in Aden. The study thus confirmed that environmental contamination by crow droppings is one of the principal factors in the outbreak of diarrheal diseases in this city.

In the 1960s, the first campaign to combat crows in the city of Aden began, launched by the English, who continued to carry it out together with citizens and young people, achieving tangible success in killing a large number of them. But the campaign stopped without any announced reason. In 1984, the surrounding circumstances helped launch a new official campaign, in which a program to combat crows was prepared and implementation begun, but it was unable to exterminate them. By 2009, the campaign launched by the Environmental Protection Authority in Aden had achieved a measure of limited success.

As for the social harms, they are represented in forms of negative effects on residential communities, infrastructure, and development. The crows spread through the city of Aden tend toward aggression: they attack people in the streets, cause noise pollution, disturbance, and clamor, and damage whatever tools and equipment they encounter or alight upon, whether on the roofs of homes, government buildings, or power lines. Among these incidents was what the Public Electricity Corporation announced: a crow had plunged several of the city's neighborhoods into darkness because of the nest it had built on the electric transmission wires[3].

Futile Control Campaignsحملات المكافحة غير المجدية

In the 1960s, the first campaign to combat crows in the city of Aden began[4], launched by the English, who continued to carry it out together with citizens and young people, achieving tangible success in killing a large number of them. But that success did not last after the campaign stopped without any announced reason. It seems that this reason was nothing other than the authorities' need to devote themselves to confronting the newly erupted battles between the revolutionaries and the English.

In 1984, the surrounding circumstances helped launch a new official campaign, in which a program to combat crows was prepared and implementation begun, but it was unable to exterminate them. By 2009, the campaign launched by the Environmental Protection Authority in Aden had achieved a measure of limited success by placing poison in meat and food offered to gatherings of crows. In the same year, a German company specializing in combating harmful birds won the contract to combat crows in Aden. Despite the success the same company had achieved in the campaign to combat crows in the Socotra Archipelago governorate[5], it did not carry out its campaign in Aden for various reasons. After that, no campaign was launched to eliminate the city's crows, especially after the country entered a series of crises, conflicts, and grinding wars, which have remained at the height of their blaze since their first spark was struck in 2011. Thus these incendiary circumstances became a fertile environment for the crows' multiplication and spread in the city of Aden, in a form in which no hope appears of devising solutions to this phenomenon, nor treatments that would limit its harms and catastrophic repercussions.

- Boria Sax, The Raven: A Natural and Cultural History. Translated by Izmir Ada Hamidan. Reviewed by Osama al-Manzalji. 1st ed., Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage (Kalima), 2010, p. 23. ↑ - Ibid., p. 88 ↑

- "A Crow Sends Officials in Aden to Investigation." Yemen Economic, 14 June 2021. https://yemene.net/news1972.html ↑

- Ahmad al-Jaashani, "The City's Crow." 14 October newspaper, Aden, 23 April 2026. https://14october.com/uploads/content/2604/ALE2J6VI-TM726W-D993/7.pdf ↑

- Mohammed al-Hakimi, "The Crow That Invaded Socotra for 15 Years." Holm Akhdar website, 26 June 2020, https://holmakhdar.org/reports/2536/ ↑

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