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The Dialects of the Assad Regime

The essay argues that what Syrians have come to call an “Alawite dialect” is less a linguistic fact than a fraught social perception, shaped by the Assad regime, popular media, and the violence of collective stereotyping.

"اعتزّ بنفسك يا حيوان"... لعنة القاف العلوية
Raseef22 · By بشار صالح · 4 July 2026 · read the original in Arabic →

تبدو اللهجة، في ظاهرها، من أكثر عناصر الهويّة مرونةً؛ فهي لا تُدوَّن في وثائق متحدّثها الثبوتية، ويمكن أن يغيّر كثيراً منها إذا انتقل من مكانٍ إلى آخر. ومع ذلك، في مجتمع مأزوم ومستقطَب ومنقسم على نفسه، قد تكفي كيفيّة نطق بضع كلماتٍ حتّى يُنسَب المتحدّث إلى جماعة بعينها، ويُختزَل في مجموعة جاهزة من الأحكام المسبَقة، ويُنظَر إليه من خلال ما قاله أو فعله سواه.

On the surface, dialect seems among the most fluid elements of identity: it is not recorded in the speaker’s official documents, and much of it can be altered if one moves from one place to another. And yet, in a society in crisis, polarized and divided against itself, the way a person pronounces a few words may be enough to assign that speaker to a particular group, reduce them to a ready-made set of prejudgments, and view them through what others have said or done.

The Dialects of the Assad Regimeلهجات نظام الأسد

شاءت المصادفة، خلال سنتَي إقامتي الطبّية في مشفى مركزي في حلب، أن يكون معظم زملائي الأطباء في القسم وغرفة المقيمين -بخلاف بقية أقسام المشفى وغرف مقيميها- علويين من أرياف اللاذقية وطرطوس وحماه. كانوا يتحدّثون، شأنهم في ذلك شأن غيرهم من المقيمين، لهجات قراهم وبلداتهم ومدنهم، التي كانت تبدو لأذنَيّ غير الخبيرتَين لهجةً واحدةً، اصطلح السوريون على تسميتها "اللهجة العلويّة".

During my two years of medical residency at a central hospital in Aleppo, it happened that most of my fellow doctors in the department and in the residents’ room, unlike the rest of the hospital’s departments and residents’ rooms, were Alawites from the rural areas of Latakia, Tartus, and Hama. Like other residents, they spoke the dialects of their villages, towns, and cities, which to my inexpert ears seemed like a single dialect, one Syrians have conventionally called “the Alawite dialect.”

Although members of the last two generations of the Assad family and of the families of their senior Alawite clients do not speak in their dialects, the dialects of Alawite villages, towns, and cities, and their cultural expressions, have been associated in the minds of many Syrians with the former regime and those enrolled in its repressive apparatuses.

In the popular imagination, these dialects are marked by a full articulation of the letter qaf, which has disappeared from the spoken dialects of the major cities, and by the breaking, lengthening, and truncating of words.

Hearing these dialects has always stirred mixed and contradictory feelings in me. They are the dialects of my kind rural physician colleagues, but at the same time they are dialects that, over decades, became associated, or were associated, willingly and by force, with the Assad regime and its repressive apparatuses, from the army to the security branches. Many Syrians shared these feelings, and expressed them on social media after its fall.

This raises a question whose answer seems, at first glance, almost self-evident: do Alawites have a dialect?

The Languages and Dialects of Alawitesلغات العلويين ولهجاتهم

According to Ethnologue, the specialized website, Syrians speak eighteen living languages, including four Arabic “languages” and five indigenous non-Arabic languages, from which dozens of regionally and socially distinct dialects branch out.

Although Alawites are counted as an ethno-religious group, belonging to the same ethnicity or the same religion does not entail speaking the same language or dialect. What applies to Syrians as a whole necessarily applies to Alawites among them. And just as no one speaks of a Sunni, Shiite, or Orthodox dialect, talk of an “Alawite dialect” lacks linguistic and scholarly precision.

The question, however, is not really whether an “Alawite dialect” exists or not, so much as how this perception settled in Syrian consciousness. If linguistics does not support this classification, popular culture, foremost among it television series, helped entrench it.

Representations of Alawites on Screenتمثيلات العلويين على الشاشة

A substantial proportion of Syrians watch the television series conventionally known as Syrian “drama,” which, because of the particularity of the Syrian situation, has been charged with performing roles beyond its basic function as entertainment: catharsis or purgation, publicity or propaganda, and the representation and interpretation of local cultural expressions in the absence, or forced absence, of alternatives.

A number of writers and directors working in the “drama” industry took it upon themselves to represent Syrians’ reality and life within the boundaries drawn by the discourse of the Assad regime. In doing so, consciously or not, they helped perpetuate certain impressions of Syrian communities and reproduce them on screen “Under the Nation’s Sky” (the title of a propaganda series that presented the former regime’s narrative of the background and course of the Syrian revolution and war during their early years).

Yet most of these writers and directors did not give the representation of Syrians themselves, and the diversity of their cultures, the same care. The majority of Syrian “drama” takes Damascus as the stage for its events, and with the exception of “historical” fantasy works, Bedouin and Aleppine “milieu” dramas, and some comedies, most of its characters speak the “neutral” dialect that discloses neither the speaker’s origin nor their ethnic and religious identities, contrary to Syria’s linguistic reality.

By contrast, non-“neutral” dialects have often been used to present stereotyped, and at times caricatured, images of their speakers: Bedouins, rural people, residents of the eastern and southern governorates, and Alawites.

Although most Syrian “drama” does not explicitly indicate the religious or sectarian affiliations of its characters unless those affiliations are part of the plot itself, it often makes use of narrative, visual, and sonic signs and codes that render those affiliations implicitly present.

Moving beyond the legacy of the Assad regime begins with the ability to hear Alawite dialects as the voices of living communities that hold a social and cultural history older than his era and broader than it. In that lies a small step toward Syrian communities coming to know one another and recognize one another.

In this context, the Alawite, by way of example and not limitation, is presented as a newly enriched rural security officer (The Curse of Mud), or an influential figure surrounded by escorts (Mirrors) and (Spotlight), or an outlaw smuggler (A Lost Village). He wears a military uniform, or a formal suit and dark glasses, or a military jacket over shabby civilian clothes; he may sport a thick mustache and speak in “the Alawite dialect.”

These representations bind Alawite characters and their dialects to power and domination in both their authoritarian and patriarchal senses, and cast upon them a sense of undeserved status and shabbiness coupled with a mocking, condescending gaze, reflecting the prevailing biases and stereotypes in society and the distorted relations of power produced by the former regime.

Alawite Voices After Assadأصوات العلويّين ما بعد الأسد

Although many members of the last two generations of the Assad family and the families of their senior Alawite clients, who live in Damascus and the major cities and descend from the countryside, do not speak its dialects but rather urban “neutral” dialects, and are not known to participate publicly in Alawite cultural expressions, the dialects of Alawite villages, towns, and cities, and their cultural expressions, have been associated in the minds of many Syrians with the former regime, its clients, and those enrolled in its repressive apparatuses, even though these people belong to Syria’s various Bedouin, rural, and urban communities.

By contrast, and in the face of calls and practices of discrimination, ostracism, exclusion, and demonization, especially in the aftermath of the sectarian cleansing operations that targeted Alawites in the villages, towns, and cities of Latakia, Tartus, and Hama on the basis of their identity in March 2025, claiming the lives of nearly 1,700 of them, calls spread across social media and within Alawite communities to reclaim the Alawite dialects and cultural expressions that the Assad regime had distorted, monopolized, or constrained, and to sever their forced and artificial association with it and with the atrocities it committed against Syrians as a whole.

This is not a phenomenon specific to Alawites. In societies where some groups are subjected to marginalization or collective stigma, language, dialect, traditions, and spiritual practices often become objects of reclamation, as a means of recovering dignity and the capacity to define the self outside the images imposed by power or entrenched by collective memory.

Perhaps moving beyond the legacy of the Assad regime begins with the ability to hear Alawite dialects as the voices of living communities that hold a social and cultural history older than his era and broader than it. In that lies a small but necessary step toward Syrian communities coming to know one another and recognize one another, overcoming the logic of competing victimhoods, and moving together along the path of healing.

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