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There Are Other Important Reasons for the Conflict in Eastern Congo

The recent escalation in eastern Congo cannot be reduced to Rwanda’s appetite for minerals; it is rooted in failed negotiations, regional security calculations, the position of Congolese Tutsi, and international ambiguity.

De Congocrisis reikt verder dan ‘conflictmineralen’
MO* · By Judith Verweijen and Koen Vlassenroot · 24 January 2025 · read the original in Dutch →

Er zijn ook andere belangrijke redenen voor het conflict in Oost-Congo

There are also other important reasons for the conflict in eastern Congo

“The Congo crisis extends beyond ‘conflict minerals’”“‘De Congocrisis reikt verder dan ‘conflictmineralen’’

De zucht van Rwanda naar Congolese mineralen als hoofdfactor zien van de recente inval in Oost-Congo, is te kort door de bocht, schrijven Judith Verweijen (Universiteit Utrecht) en Koen Vlassenroot (UGent) in een gezamenlijk opiniestuk. Het doet onrecht aan de andere belangrijke redenen voor het conflict.

To see Rwanda’s hunger for Congolese minerals as the chief factor behind the recent incursion into eastern Congo is too simplistic, write Judith Verweijen of Utrecht University and Koen Vlassenroot of Ghent University in a joint opinion piece. It does an injustice to the other important reasons for the conflict.

On Sunday night, the Congolese rebel group M23 entered Goma, capital of North Kivu province in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo, together with the Rwandan army. The M23 rebellion, which began three years ago, has thereby taken another dramatic turn.

In media reports and opinion pieces, Rwanda’s appetite for Congolese minerals is invariably presented as the main factor behind the recent escalation. This is too facile, and it does an injustice to the other important reasons for the conflict. Controlling the mineral trade has never been the primary driver of the M23 group, and it is also hard to see it as the motivation behind the capture of Goma.

The M23 is the latest incarnation of a long series of rebellions led by Congolese Tutsi and backed by Rwanda since the mid-1990s. These rebellions have a twofold origin. On the one hand, they serve to strengthen the position of Congolese Tutsi. This group has historically faced discrimination, though economically it has occupied a privileged position, and has often been the victim of ethnically targeted violence. On the other hand, these rebellions have also always served Rwanda’s security and economic interests.

The M23 emerged in 2012 from a mutiny by Tutsi officers in the Congolese army. It also occupied Goma then, but was militarily defeated shortly afterward. The agreements made to restore peace, however, largely remained words on paper. Frustration over this prompted part of the group to re-establish itself in Congo at the end of 2017.

In 2021, frustration also began to grow in Rwanda over the attitude and choices of Congolese president Tshisekedi, who took office in 2019. Kinshasa, for instance, concluded an agreement with Uganda on military operations by the Ugandan army in eastern Congo against the Ugandan rebel group ADF. There was also new cooperation with Kampala around a number of road and mining projects. The Rwandan regime experienced this as a threat to its economic and security interests in eastern Congo. Finally, Kigali believed that Kinshasa was not keeping its word on agreements concerning the gold trade.

The race for minerals is neither the cause nor the stake of the recent escalation.

These frustrations were the catalyst for Rwanda to exert pressure on Kinshasa by supporting an armed rebellion. What followed was a continual intensification of the violence and a complete diplomatic impasse between the two countries.

International and regional attempts to find a solution, whether diplomatically or militarily, have so far failed. As a result, both sides have entrenched themselves ever more deeply in bellicose positions. To Rwanda’s chagrin, the Congolese army has begun working closely with the FDLR, Rwandan rebels whose origins lie in the Rwandan army and militias involved in the 1994 genocide. Kinshasa, in turn, is indignant at the extensive military support Rwanda provides to the M23.

(Continue reading below the recommended item)(Lees verder onder de leestip)

But what, precisely, is the role of natural resources in this conflict? And how, if at all, are they contributing to the new escalation of violence?

Until April 2024, when the M23 took the Rubaya mine, mining was not the group’s principal source of income. It financed its operations mainly through all kinds of taxation, for example on trade, markets, livestock, and at roadblocks. This changed after the capture of the Rubaya mine. It is estimated to yield around 120 tons of coltan a month, worth a rough 800,000 U.S. dollars. Mineral exports from Rwanda, a substantial share of which originates in Congo, have also increased over the past two years.

The question remains, however, why, if controlling mining had been the objective, the group did not focus more deliberately over the past three years on controlling mining areas. The capture of Goma also does not appear to be a strategic move if the aim is to maximize mineral revenues further. After all, the seizure of the city focuses all attention on the crisis and its Rwandan sponsors. In doing so, it risks bringing Rwandan mineral exports into the spotlight, or even exposing them to sanctions. In the long run, that could be highly damaging for Rwanda.

The Congolese regime, too, is gradually becoming entangled in this war and must be called to account for its responsibilities.

It is therefore not the race for minerals that has caused the recent escalation. It is better understood in light of the failed negotiations between Congo and Rwanda. That impasse is partly the result of Kinshasa’s categorical refusal to negotiate with the M23 and to address its grievances concerning the position of Congolese Tutsi. Kinshasa has also failed to honor its promise to break ties with the FDLR.

But the current deadlock is also due to the relative ease with which the M23 and the RDF managed to seize large areas of North Kivu from January 2024 onward, despite several attempts at a ceasefire. This also points directly to the weakness of the Congolese army.

Regional geopolitics has further poured oil on the fire. Tensions between Rwanda and Burundi have risen sharply after the Burundian army began fighting on Kinshasa’s side on the basis of a bilateral military cooperation agreement. Relations between Rwanda and South Africa have also deteriorated following South Africa’s participation in a SADC military mission, a regional cooperation organization of states in southern Africa, intended to support Kinshasa in its fight against the M23.

What is distressing here is that the escalation has been further encouraged by the lack of diplomatic action against Rwandan military involvement. When Rwanda supported the M23 in 2012, a number of donors suspended their development cooperation.

Today, apart from condemnations, few concrete actions have so far been decided. Moreover, the attitude of a number of major donors has proved rather ambiguous. In February 2024, just as the M23’s territorial expansion was gathering speed, the EU signed a strategic partnership on critical raw materials with Rwanda. Later in 2024, it also gave another 20 million to the Rwandan army to support its operations in northern Mozambique, where it plays a crucial role in containing a rebel group that threatens the operations of France’s TotalEnergies.

This international ambiguity is being fully exploited by Rwanda, which in recent weeks and days sent additional troops to support the M23 in its takeover of Goma. If international partners, and the EU and its member states in particular, do not want to lose their last shred of credibility, they will have to move quickly to unambiguous action. But pressure on Rwanda alone is not enough. The Congolese regime, too, is gradually becoming entangled in this war and must be called to account for its responsibilities.

Judith Verweijen is an assistant professor at Utrecht University. Koen Vlassenroot is professor of Political Science and head of the Conflict Research Group at Ghent University.

The authors write in their own names. This article is independent of the MO* editorial board.

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