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Сильный президент, подконтрольный парламент

The announced parliamentary reform in Kazakhstan promises to strengthen the legislature, but experts see it as consolidating power around the presidential administration rather than making parliament politically autonomous.

Vlast · By Дмитрий Мазоренко · 28 January 2026 · read the original in Russian →

Парламентская реформа, объявленная президентом в прошлом году и окончательно очерченная на заседании национального курултая в Кызылорде, должна усилить законодательную власть. Но опрошенные «Властью» эксперты сомневаются в этом. Создание однопалатного «курултая», Халық кеңесі и института вице-президента, по сути, закрепляет сложившийся центр власти вокруг администрации президента. А парламент так и не становится самостоятельным политическим субъектом.

The parliamentary reform announced by the president last year and finally outlined at a session of the National Kurultai in Kyzylorda is supposed to strengthen the legislative branch. But the experts surveyed by Vlast are skeptical. The creation of a unicameral "kurultai," the Halyk Kenesi, and the institution of a vice president in effect consolidates the existing center of power around the presidential administration. Parliament, meanwhile, still does not become an independent political actor.

The Order of ChangesПорядок изменений

Во время пятого Национального курултая президент Касым-Жомарт Токаев анонсировал схему преобразования парламента. Двухпалатный законодательный орган будет преобразован в однопалатный и получит название «курултай».

During the fifth National Kurultai, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev announced a blueprint for transforming parliament. The bicameral legislature will be turned into a unicameral one and will be called the "kurultai."

"Our ultimate goal is to form a professional and effective parliament. With this in mind, the working group came to the conclusion that the kurultai should consist of 145 deputies. <...> I believe that [it] should be elected exclusively by party lists," State Counselor Erlan Karin said on January 24, concluding the work of the group on parliamentary reform.

The president will coordinate with the unicameral parliament all appointments to the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Audit Chamber, and the Central Election Commission (previously some of their members were appointed by the president, the Senate, and the Mazhilis), as well as appointments of Supreme Court judges.

"This constitutional innovation does not mean a weakening of the institution of presidential power. The office of president remains the principal one in the state system. I am convinced that Kazakhstan will develop successfully as a presidential republic. We cannot abandon this political system, which has justified itself," Tokayev said during the kurultai.

In parallel, a new quasi-political institution will be created: the Halyk Kenesi (People's Council). It will inherit the functions of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan and the National Kurultai, which in turn will be abolished. The council will consist of 126 members appointed by the president from among representatives of ethno-cultural associations, major public organizations, maslikhats, and regional councils.

In addition, a provision establishing the office of vice president will be added to the Constitution, while the post of state counselor will be abolished. The vice president will represent the country in international negotiations and express the president's interests in parliament. The head of state will appoint the vice president with parliament's consent.

"The innovation I am proposing will organically complete the entire political construction that we have been methodically building over the course of several years. <...> The reforms of state power I have proposed <...> will give a powerful impetus to our country's development and strengthen its potential," Tokayev believes.

"This Is Not a Systemic Political Transformation"

Experts assess the announced reforms critically. According to Zauresh Battalova, president of the Fund for the Development of Parliamentarism and a former senator, despite the rhetoric about strengthening parliament's role, no real redistribution of power will take place.

"The reform has turned out to be superficial. The transfer of real powers would require growth in deputies' political autonomy, the institutionalization of conflicts of interest, and the provision of stable political pluralism and federalism. But the system is not ready for that," she stated.

Battalova believes the reform will update procedures and formats, but at the same time will not touch the basic architecture of power. And the formal expansion of parliament's powers does not turn it into an independent decision-making center.

"All the [components] of the reform are aimed at adapting the existing model to certain new expectations, not at redistributing real political influence," she says.

Parliament's ability to influence appointments to the highest judicial and oversight bodies looks like an expansion of its powers only at first glance, political scientist Kamila Kovyazina concludes.

The reform of the legislature also does nothing to strengthen political competition.

"It is assumed that parliament should be strengthened through competition among parties. But it is hard to believe in such a possibility, because parties are now created 'from above.' And their program documents do not differ very much from one another," she says.

"There Will Be No More Political Competition"

One of the most important elements of the reform remains the previously announced change in the electoral approach, from a mixed system (in which some deputies are elected by lists and others in single-member districts) to a proportional one. Yet the mixed system was restored by Tokayev in 2022 and tested only once, in the 2023 parliamentary elections.

Kovyazina emphasizes that this return is a step toward narrowing society's participation in politics, not expanding it. Voters will no longer see specific names on ballots in parliamentary elections. Instead, they will be forced to vote for parties with candidate lists compiled behind the scenes.

"The entire struggle will once again be conducted inside parties, not in the public space, which would imply drawing broad masses of people into politics," she says.

Behind this, in the political scientist's view, lies the elites' paternalistic notion of their own superiority in matters of political choice.

"Those proposing this transition have illusions that they are doing it for the good. That they can make more competent decisions. Whereas citizens themselves do not know what they want; they do not know how to participate in politics, they are stupid, not educated enough," Kovyazina explains.

The expert notes that the constant changing of the rules of the game prevents strong institutions from taking shape and has only a negative effect. People begin to get confused about how the electoral process is organized and may subsequently ignore elections more often.

In Battalova's assessment, there is no political competition in Kazakhstan, and therefore the current parliamentary reform cannot be pursued for the purpose of developing it.

"Certain parties represented in parliament today did not carry out systematic work with the population, but nevertheless in practice received parliamentary representation. The management and manipulation of parties will continue in the previous format. If the goal were to develop competition, real changes should have been made to the law on political parties," she is convinced.

At the same time, the reform is not yet moving toward the creation of an openly one-party system, Kovyazina observes. Otherwise, it would give parliament less legitimacy.

"The current number of parties is meant to create the feeling that some kind of struggle exists. Plus, inside the parties there really is a certain level of competition. If all the deputies sat only in Amanat, they would have fewer opportunities to show their ambitions and achieve something," she added.

"The Reform Is Transforming Not Parliament, but the Presidential Administration"

In the blueprint for transforming parliament, Battalova sees movement toward strengthening the presidential administration, not the legislature.

"The reform of parliament has turned into a reformatting of the presidential administration. In my view, this is a deliberate managerial decision, because the real center of power is located there. That is why the changes have affected personnel, procedures, and the internal logic of decision-making in the presidential administration," she says.

Battalova considers 1995 the turning point in parliament's deprivation of its substantive functions, when Nursultan Nazarbayev adopted the second version of independent Kazakhstan's Constitution. Then, according to the expert, the president appropriated the powers of the legislature.

"These powers, even if not in full, should have been returned to parliament. However, only procedural elements were transferred to it. It still has no real powers," she notes.

At the same time, Battalova sees in the creation of the Halyk Kenesi the transfer of a number of Senate functions, including those concerning regional and ethnic representation. The composition of this body will be formed behind the scenes. And its participants will work with permission "from above" and demonstrate complete loyalty.

Kovyazina does not believe that the Halyk Kenesi and the post of vice president take powers away from parliament, but she does see them as an additional complication of the political architecture.

"The People's Council is a kind of quasi-state structure that supplements parliament but does not replace it in terms of its functions," the political scientist says. "Parliament was initially supposed to become a professional structure that drafts laws and represents different cross-sections of society. And mixing it with other roles, it seems to me, makes no sense."

Tokayev explained the introduction of the vice presidency as a way to "stabilize the process of governing the state" and "bring final clarity to the hierarchy of power."

Battalova questions the necessity of this office. In the United States, she says, the vice president is the speaker of the Senate and ensures the continuity of power, making it possible to avoid holding early elections. In cases of force majeure, it is the vice president who assumes presidential duties until the end of the term. Moreover, the vice president is elected by citizens simultaneously with the president on a single election day.

In the Kazakhstani context, by contrast, the expert notes, what is at issue is a redistribution of roles within the upper tier of power, not a general rebalancing of the political system.

Kovyazina drew attention to the fact that, through the creation of the vice presidency, the question of political succession is being removed from the parliamentary field and fixed within the presidential vertical.

"If previously the speaker of the Senate could assume the president's powers [in the event of an unforeseen situation], now the vice president will do so. Previously this created a certain conflict of interest, since the speaker of the Senate is a representative of the legislative branch of power, not the executive," she explained.

At the same time, both experts emphasized that the reform has not yet taken its final shape. Its final version may differ somewhat from the first general proposals. Last week the Constitutional Reform Commission began its work and is rapidly working through all the details.

Battalova has no doubt that the basic parameters of the reform have nevertheless been set, as indicated by the clearly defined number of deputies in the new parliament. But she considers it necessary for society to participate actively in its discussion.

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