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The Trump Route and Armenia’s Strategic Choice

The TRIPP project is more than a transport corridor: it is a test of whether Armenian-Azerbaijani normalization can be anchored in economic interdependence, U.S. guarantees, and a new balance of power in the South Caucasus.

Szlak Trumpa szansą na (nie tylko) infrastrukturalne połączenie Armenii i Azerbejdżanu
Mieroszewski Centre · By Hayk Khanumyan; Mahammad Mammadov · 13 March 2026 · read the original in PL →

The Trump Route project, or TRIPP (Trump Route for International Peace and Stability), became widely discussed in the summer of last year, when Armenian leader Nikol Pashinyan, Azerbaijani leader Ilham Aliyev, and U.S. President Donald Trump signed the Washington Declaration, initialing a peace agreement after two wars over Nagorno-Karabakh and decades of attempts at settlement, which Azerbaijan ultimately resolved in its favor by force.

The trade-route project, to be carried out under U.S. auspices and even branded with the president’s own name, is seen by some experts as a chance to consolidate the new status quo in the South Caucasus and cement it by binding two traditionally hostile neighbors through economic ties and lifting Armenia’s long-standing economic blockade. Despite Washington’s fairly serious involvement, implementation of the “Trump Route” remains uncertain, owing not only to the complexity of bilateral relations, but also to the regional balance of forces, great-power maneuvering, and the war just begun by America and Israel against Iran.

Because of the sensitivity of the subject, and the differences in approach not only between the two South Caucasian capitals but also within Armenia’s own debate, we are publishing two pieces devoted to the TRIPP project. Although they do not exhaust all arguments and viewpoints, they allow for a broader look at the situation in the region and the solutions being proposed.

The author of the Armenian text is Hayk Khanumyan, an analyst at the RCDS center in Yerevan, a former official and minister in the unrecognized Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh. The Azerbaijani perspective is presented by Mahammad Mammadov, an expert at the Baku-based Topchubashov Center. In both cases, the texts express the authors’ views, which need not coincide with those of the editors.

The Trump Route and Armenia’s Strategic ChoiceSzlak Trumpa a strategiczny wybór Armenii

Author: Hayk Khanumyan, RCDS think tank, YerevanAutor: Ajk Chanumian, think tank RCDS, Erywań

On August 8, 2025, in Washington, U.S. President Donald Trump, Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan, and Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev signed a joint declaration on the “Trump Route for International Peace and Prosperity (TRIPP)” program on Armenian territory. The declaration also noted that efforts would be made to ensure unimpeded communication between Azerbaijan proper and its exclave, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, through Armenian territory.

Nakhchivan, which more than 100 years ago, after Armenia and Azerbaijan gained independence in 1918, was the subject of a territorial dispute between the two countries, was incorporated into Soviet Azerbaijan as an autonomous republic in Soviet times. It is an exclave and has no land connection with the main part of Azerbaijan. In the Soviet period, the route to Nakhchivan ran through Armenia; in the late 1980s, when national disputes in the South Caucasus intensified and were followed by the Karabakh war, Azerbaijan maintained contact with the exclave mainly through Iranian territory.

After its victory in the second Nagorno-Karabakh war in 2020, Azerbaijan insisted on establishing a route through Armenia. That demand was reflected in the joint statement ending the war, announced by Russian President Vladimir Putin, Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev, and Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan on November 9, 2020. Azerbaijan’s seizure of the remaining territory of Nagorno-Karabakh in 2023 and the ethnic cleansing* of the Karabakh population, as it is commonly described in Armenia, effectively buried the November 9 statement. Azerbaijan, however, did not abandon its plans to establish a connection with its exclave while bypassing Iran.

Azerbaijan’s attack on Armenia on September 13, 2022, and its seizure of strategically important heights, raised fears in Yerevan that Baku might seek access to Nakhchivan through military aggression and the occupation of southern Armenia.

Armenia’s authorities began promoting the idea of a Crossroads of Peace, an initiative that envisaged opening access, building, and rebuilding all infrastructure if the region were unblocked. It should be noted here that since the early 1990s Azerbaijan and Turkey had maintained a blockade of Armenia, closing all routes from Armenia to those countries and onward to the outside world.

Negotiations between Armenia and Azerbaijan were accompanied by bilateral statements and by new demands constantly advanced by Azerbaijan, including the dissolution of the OSCE Minsk Group, which since 1992 had dealt with settling the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, the mutual withdrawal of lawsuits from international courts, and amendments to Armenia’s constitution. On August 8, 2025, in Washington, alongside other documents and agreements, Armenia and Azerbaijan signed a joint request to the OSCE to dissolve the Minsk Group.

On December 1 of the same year, the Group was dissolved. Armenia’s prime minister also stated the need to adopt a new constitution that would remove references to the Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Armenia, which mentions Nagorno-Karabakh.

It can be said that after its victory in the Karabakh war, Azerbaijan managed not only to take control of the entire territory of Nagorno-Karabakh and carry out a complete ethnic cleansing of its population, but also to induce Armenia to provide free passage through its territory to Nakhchivan, as well as to abandon the struggle for the Karabakh cause.

Active U.S. involvement in regulating Armenian-Azerbaijani relations became a lifeline for Armenia’s authorities. After the final loss of Karabakh, there were fears in Armenia that Azerbaijan would try to establish a route to Nakhchivan by military means. In March 2025, U.S. presidential special envoy Steve Witkoff, after talks in Moscow, went to Baku for negotiations with Ilham Aliyev. A month earlier, high-level Armenian-Azerbaijani talks had taken place in Abu Dhabi, during which the content of the documents signed in August in Washington was most likely finally agreed. The Trump administration’s active involvement in settling relations between the two countries led to the signing of the agreement on August 8.

By giving the United States the opportunity to participate in building and managing the route through Armenian territory, Yerevan sought to secure that piece of its territory against potential future aggression. Although U.S. involvement in these specific infrastructure projects caused some dissatisfaction among Armenia’s key economic partners, Russia and especially Iran, from the point of view of the authorities in Yerevan this was probably the maximum level they could allow themselves. All the more so because parliamentary elections, scheduled for June 2026, are approaching in the country.

At the beginning of 2026, Armenian Foreign Minister Ararat Mirzoyan and U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio signed a joint statement on TRIPP, the framework for implementing the agreement, under which Yerevan is to grant a company controlled by the U.S. government long-term exclusive rights to the route running through Armenia and linking Azerbaijan proper with Nakhchivan. An Armenian-American joint venture is to build a railway, a road route, power lines, and other infrastructure along the transit corridor, manage them for no less than 49 years, and derive revenue from their operation. The United States will own 74 percent of the company’s shares, and Armenia 26 percent. The document also states that Armenia will have full “jurisdiction over border control and customs functions in trade and transit carried out under TRIPP.”

“Armenia’s sovereignty and jurisdiction in border and customs operations are absolute and indisputable,” the document stated. In this way, Armenia’s authorities sought to neutralize criticism caused by the phrase “unimpeded access” contained in the trilateral document of August 8.

In addition, Armenia also received other “bonuses,” which were finally formalized during U.S. Vice President J.D. Vance’s visit to Yerevan in February 2026.

The high point in the development of Armenian-American relations was the strategic partnership agreement concluded at the end of Joe Biden’s presidency and put into practice already by the Trump administration. During Vance’s visit, Armenia and the United States signed a document on cooperation in the sphere of civilian nuclear energy, paving the way for the introduction of American technologies, including small modular reactors, into Armenia.

A potential nuclear-energy package worth about $9 billion was announced, of which $5 billion is to be allocated to exports of equipment and technology, and $4 billion to long-term servicing and fuel supplies. The United States expressed readiness to supply Armenia with modern chips, including NVIDIA graphics processors, and to support the development of AI infrastructure; a large data center is planned for construction in the country.

Elements of military cooperation were also present: an agreement was reached on the sale of American V-BAT reconnaissance drones worth $11 million.

Vice President Vance stated in this connection: “President Trump understands perfectly that the best way to ensure peace is to possess real instruments of deterrence, and the best way to possess real instruments of deterrence is to use the world’s best military technologies, which the United States has at its disposal. For the first time, we are announcing a major sale of military technologies, reconnaissance and unmanned systems worth $11 million, to the Armenians and to our good friend, Mr. Prime Minister.” Vance also expressed support for Prime Minister Pashinyan in the coming parliamentary elections.

Thus TRIPP will become a branch of the Middle Corridor, running from Central Asia through the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan, and Turkey to Europe. The main line of this corridor runs through Georgia and consists of the Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway and the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, built in the first decade of the twenty-first century, as well as numerous highways.

TRIPP will allow Azerbaijan not only to supplement the 450-kilometer Georgian transit route with a 43-kilometer route through Armenia, but also to reduce its dependence on Iran, deprive Georgia of its transit monopoly, and strengthen its own position as a transit state.

From Armenia’s point of view, in the context of the Middle Corridor, a route passing through the north of the country would be more advantageous: from the border with Azerbaijan through Ijevan, Vanadzor, and Gyumri to the Turkish city of Kars. Armenia’s authorities, however, have taken no practical steps in this direction. Perhaps because Azerbaijan and Turkey care more about TRIPP running through southern Armenia. These two countries are also building a new railway line from Kars to Nakhchivan, bypassing Armenia, even though since Soviet times there has been a railway from Nakhchivan through Armenia to Kars.

Consequently, from a purely transit perspective, Armenia will not derive significant benefits from TRIPP. If, however, the project leads to a general unblocking of the region, Armenia could obtain a rail connection with Iran via Nakhchivan, use the territories of Azerbaijan and Turkey for overland transport to Russia and the EU, and reduce its transit dependence on Georgia.

Thus, for Armenia, the Trump Route is not simply an infrastructure project, but also a strategic choice: deepening relations with the United States, obtaining American technologies and investment, and improving the security situation.

*In September 2023, after an offensive by Azerbaijani forces, which seized the remnant of Nagorno-Karabakh lands controlled by separatists, there was a mass exodus of virtually the entire Armenian population. Fearing for their safety, more than 100,000 Armenians left the region within a few days. The condition for remaining was renouncing Armenian citizenship and accepting Azerbaijani citizenship, which did not rule out future trials on grave charges of treason and armed struggle against the state’s lawful authorities. (Editors.)

A Road to Peace? Azerbaijan’s Perspective on the So-Called “Trump Corridor” (TRIPP) Project

Author: Mahammad Mammadov, Topchubashov Center, BakuAutor: Mahammad Mammadow, Centrum Topczubaszowa, Baku

In the period after the Karabakh war, talks on normalizing relations between Armenia and Azerbaijan centered on three main axes: a peace agreement, the issue of border delimitation and demarcation, and the resumption of transport routes. Although each of these areas still faces political and technical challenges, the connectivity agenda has so far made the greatest progress. Over the past year, trains carrying Russian and Kazakh grain have passed through Azerbaijani territory on their way to Armenia, a practical step toward restoring cross-border transport links. Baku and Yerevan have managed to secure international support for transport projects that will not only help renew ties between the economies, but also integrate them into broader regional supply chains.

This is where TRIPP comes in. On August 8, 2025, the leaders of Armenia and Azerbaijan signed the so-called Washington Declaration at the White House, committing themselves to reopening transport routes between the two countries. Under this agreement, the route linking the main part of Azerbaijan with the Nakhchivan exclave through Armenian territory was formalized as the “Trump Route for International Peace and Prosperity” (TRIPP). By recognizing Armenia’s sovereignty over the territory through which the route runs, while also meeting Azerbaijan’s demand for unobstructed access to the exclave, the agreement represented a compromise between Yerevan’s “Crossroads of Peace” initiative and Azerbaijan’s Zangezur Corridor project. U.S. involvement gave both sides not only access to needed financial support, but also security guarantees that raise the costs of any possible failure to comply with the agreement.

Initially, however, many observers doubted whether Washington would truly fulfill its TRIPP-related commitments. The U.S.-backed Washington Declaration seemed like an easy diplomatic gain for the Trump administration, something that might be more of a short-term image victory than a lasting strategic investment in a region seen as rather peripheral from the U.S. point of view. This impression was reinforced by Washington’s simultaneous involvement in crises in Ukraine, the Middle East, and East Asia, which seemed to leave little room for sustained engagement in the South Caucasus. Moreover, the U.S. intervention in Venezuela created the impression that Washington would prefer a return to a Yalta-style division of the world into spheres of influence, yielding primacy to Russia in the region Moscow describes as its so-called “near abroad.” Such hegemony would cast a shadow over TRIPP’s long-term viability.

Recent events, however, suggest that U.S. involvement may be deeper than initial assessments indicated. In February, U.S. Vice President J.D. Vance traveled to Armenia and Azerbaijan, making one of the most important American visits to both countries in recent decades and signaling Washington’s readiness to take concrete steps to implement the project. On the eve of that visit, Armenia and the United States announced the TRIPP Agreement Implementation Framework, a nonbinding document describing mechanisms for carrying out the initiative. At the center of this plan is the TRIPP Development Company, a U.S.-Armenian joint venture tasked with building and operating railways and other corridor-related infrastructure for 49 years. By opening the region’s door to American business, the initiative also supports Yerevan’s broader efforts to diversify away from its heavy economic dependence on Russia.

In Yerevan, Vice President Vance emphasized the intention to mobilize private capital and international partners in order to accelerate the project’s implementation. He also noted that the TRIPP project has the potential to speed the normalization of Armenia’s relations with both Azerbaijan and Turkey. In Baku, in turn, U.S.-Azerbaijani cooperation under TRIPP was presented as part of Washington’s broader efforts to strengthen trans-Caspian connectivity, in which Azerbaijan is to play a key role. As Central Asia’s strategic importance grows amid U.S.-Chinese competition over critical raw materials, Washington’s motivation to build resilient supply chains in the region is increasing, further elevating the importance of the Black Sea-Caspian corridor in U.S. strategic thinking. Armenia and Azerbaijan also possess critical mineral resources which, if successfully developed, could be integrated into these emerging regional supply chains through TRIPP.

Azerbaijan’s InterestsInteresy Azerbejdżanu

For Baku, TRIPP offers an opportunity to consolidate the gains made after the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War. First, the corridor will guarantee unimpeded access to its Nakhchivan exclave, which for decades had been largely isolated from regional markets. The route also fits into Baku’s broader plans to revitalize the recently liberated territories in the country’s southwest, where new railways and roads are to be built. Most importantly, however, TRIPP would increase Azerbaijan’s physical connectivity with its regional ally, Turkey. In 2025, Ankara began construction of the 224-kilometer Kars-Dilucu railway, intended to link Kars with Nakhchivan. At a time when the South Caucasus is increasingly squeezed between the war in Ukraine to the north and the Iranian-Israeli war to the south, such a connection gives Baku a strategically valuable point of contact with regional and global partners.

TRIPP also adds a valuable southern branch to the South Caucasian section of the Middle Corridor, the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TITR), a developing transport route linking China with Europe through Central Asia and the South Caucasus. Since traditional trade corridors running through Russian railways and the Suez Canal have encountered a series of disruptions in recent years, the Middle Corridor has gained strategic importance. In this shifting landscape, Baku increasingly sees the route not merely as a transit hub, but as the foundation of a broader economic corridor linking the South Caucasus with Central Asia. This vision goes beyond container transport, encompassing energy connections, digital infrastructure, and critical raw-material supply chains. Reflecting these broader ambitions, the TRIPP Implementation Framework also envisages the construction of electricity grids, oil and gas pipelines, and fiber-optic networks, as well as the restoration of rail and road connectivity between Armenia and Azerbaijan.

The Regional Contest for InfluenceRegionalna gra o wpływy

No less important are the geopolitical benefits Baku could gain through implementation of the TRIPP project. By linking the initiative to President Donald Trump’s transactional approach to diplomacy, both Armenia and Azerbaijan managed to use the momentum of the Washington Declaration to strengthen their ties with the United States and work toward a greater American presence in the South Caucasus. For Azerbaijan in particular, this was an opportunity to raise relations with Washington, badly strained during Joe Biden’s presidency, to the level of strategic partnership. Closer relations with the United States could also pave the way for easing restrictions under Section 907 of the Freedom Support Act, a relic of the 1990s that for years limited American assistance to Azerbaijan because of its conflict with Armenia, the first Karabakh war.

More broadly, a greater U.S. presence in the region would provide Baku with a stronger Western vector to balance Russian and Iranian influence. Much as it did in the 1990s, Azerbaijan wants various powers anchored in the region’s economic and security architecture so that none of them can dominate the South Caucasus. Today Baku has greater economic and geopolitical strength, and new transport initiatives such as TRIPP offer a chance to expand its strategic hedging.

TRIPP may also strengthen Azerbaijan’s developing partnership with the European Union. In recent years, relations between Baku and Brussels have been exposed to tensions, especially after Azerbaijan used force to regain full control over Nagorno-Karabakh in 2023. These relations were further complicated by fears in some European circles that Baku might resort to military means to open the Zangezur Corridor for itself through the territory of southern Armenia. The emergence of TRIPP as a compromise scenario, however, makes it possible to change this narrative by placing regional connectivity within a cooperative initiative that enjoys international backing. From the European Union’s point of view, the project fits into the context of broader strategic priorities under the Eastern Partnership.

Brussels’s first-ever Black Sea strategy, adopted in May 2025, emphasizes the role of the Black Sea-Caspian corridor as part of broader European efforts to diversify supply chains and move away from dependence on Russia and China. A stable South Caucasus is crucial to realizing this vision, and TRIPP is a complementary element for trans-Caspian connectivity.

This convergence of interests was reflected in the agreement reached in January this year by the EU and Azerbaijan to launch a feasibility study under the Global Gateway initiative for development of the railway project in Nakhchivan.

For Azerbaijan, TRIPP is also connected with Baku’s postwar strategy known as the strategy of a “winning peace.” This logic assumes that integrating Armenia into regional economic links, supported by various centers of power, would significantly raise the costs of any future revanchist action. Azerbaijan hopes to strengthen the postwar status quo by incorporating Armenia into a network of trade, infrastructure, and energy ties. In this sense, Baku recognizes that long-term stability requires Armenia, too, to benefit from the emerging regional order.

Coming ChallengesNadchodzące wyzwania

When the TRIPP project was announced in Washington in August 2025, many observers immediately pointed to a number of obstacles that could derail the initiative. Negative reactions inside Armenia, as well as opposition from Russia and Iran, were identified as the main potential challenges, since both countries fear a U.S.-backed project that would increase Washington’s influence in the South Caucasus region. More than half a year later, these concerns persist. Rather, they have become more pronounced, raising serious questions about the project’s long-term viability.

A poll conducted in Armenia by the U.S.-based International Republican Institute (IRI) in early February this year shows that only 24 percent of respondents fully supported the TRIPP initiative, while 34 percent expressed firm opposition. With parliamentary elections scheduled for June approaching, rising political tensions in Armenia may further complicate the project’s domestic reception.

Over the past year, relations with Russia have deteriorated in the case of both Armenia and Azerbaijan, adding geopolitical uncertainty to the whole situation. Moscow still possesses instruments that could affect the corridor’s future. These include the presence of Russian border troops along parts of the planned routes, Armenia’s membership in the Russia-led customs union, and the fact that part of the country’s railway infrastructure is controlled by a subsidiary of Russian Railways.

Iran may prove an even greater source of uncertainty. When TRIPP was first announced in August 2025, Ali Akbar Velayati, foreign-affairs adviser to the now deceased Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, condemned the initiative and warned that Iran would turn the corridor “into a cemetery for American mercenaries.” Since February 28, the war between Iran and the United States has escalated dramatically, with both sides attacking important economic infrastructure facilities on either side of the Persian Gulf. As the war widens, projects associated with the growth of U.S. influence in the region, including TRIPP, may appear on Tehran’s strategic radar. Even if the war ends quickly, the conflict will cast a long shadow over the regional investment climate, potentially complicating the implementation of large-scale connectivity projects such as TRIPP.

Interestingly, however, the wars being fought to the north and south of the South Caucasus may also create additional incentives for cooperation between Baku and Yerevan. Armenia’s main outlets to world markets, the routes running through Iran and Russia, now lie along the lines of major geopolitical confrontations, increasing the urgent need to develop alternative channels, such as TRIPP, in order to preserve economic resilience.

Azerbaijan, for its part, at a time when the regional balance has been shaken, seeks reliable access to its key regional ally, Turkey.

For both countries, then, the corridor is more than just a transport route. It may become a potential anchor of economic stability in an increasingly troubled neighborhood. The challenge for the future is therefore to anchor TRIPP in a broader regional trade architecture that will allow Baku and Yerevan to reap economic gains while avoiding costly reactions from regional powers.

Hayk Khanumyan is an analyst at the Regional Center for Democracy and Security (RCDS) in Yerevan. From 2015 to 2022 he held public office in the unrecognized Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh as a deputy and later as minister of territorial administration and infrastructure.

Mahammad Mammadov is an analyst at the Topchubashov Center think tank in Baku. He is also a lecturer in international relations at Khazar University in the Azerbaijani capital.

Translated by Justyna Prus (PAP)Tłumaczyła Justyna Prus (PAP)

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