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С такими друзьями даже дорогая нефть не спасет

Russia’s dependence on China has become a structural trap: even amid a looming energy shock, Beijing has alternatives, while Moscow has failed to turn the crisis into leverage.

Riddle Russia · By Николас Трикетт · 23 May 2026 · read the original in Russian →

Тот факт, что Владимир Путин посетил Пекин всего через несколько дней после встречи Дональда Трампа с Си Цзиньпином, четко характеризует российско-китайские отношения. Россия оказалась в структурной ловушке, превратившись в младшего партнера Китая. При этом ее ценность в этом качестве для Пекина неуклонно снижается. Отражением этой проблемы Москвы стал провал переговоров по газопроводу «Сила Сибири — 2». Даже в ситуации надвигающегося энергетического шока беспрецедентного масштаба у Китая остаются альтернативные опции. У российских же властей других вариантов нет. Они отчаянно нуждаются в том, чтобы экспортеры получали доходы, налоговая база не сокращалась, в страну поступала валюта. Иначе государство не сможет компенсировать внутренние дисбалансы и сдерживать инфляцию.

The fact that Vladimir Putin visited Beijing only a few days after Donald Trump’s meeting with Xi Jinping speaks clearly to the nature of Russian-Chinese relations. Russia has found itself in a structural trap, reduced to the role of China’s junior partner. At the same time, its value to Beijing in that capacity is steadily declining. The failure of negotiations over the Power of Siberia 2 gas pipeline reflected this problem for Moscow. Even in the face of an approaching energy shock of unprecedented scale, China still has alternatives. The Russian authorities, by contrast, have none. They desperately need exporters to earn revenue, the tax base not to shrink, and foreign currency to keep flowing into the country. Otherwise, the state will be unable to offset domestic imbalances and restrain inflation.

Украина с недавних пор пользуется преимуществом на поле боя благодаря тому, что смогла увеличить дальность дроновых ударов (пусть даже российские войска сейчас перегруппировываются для нового наступления). Это лишь усугубляет дилемму, стоящую перед Москвой. Китай продолжит поставлять ей все необходимое для ведения войны и насыщения внутреннего рынка. Однако в целом у Китая другие приоритеты: отношения с США гораздо важнее. И тот факт, что Россия сейчас полностью от него зависит, Китай использует как козырь в этих переговорах.

Ukraine has recently gained an advantage on the battlefield by extending the range of its drone strikes, even if Russian forces are now regrouping for a new offensive. This only deepens Moscow’s dilemma. China will continue to supply it with everything it needs to wage the war and stock the domestic market. But China’s priorities, broadly speaking, lie elsewhere: relations with the United States matter far more. And the fact that Russia is now wholly dependent on China is something Beijing uses as a trump card in those negotiations.

Markets are still underestimating the risk of a sharp rise in energy prices. On the gas market, it is true that the situation is not yet especially tense. China and other countries able to do so have temporarily switched from gas to coal. But by autumn the problem will present itself in full force: Europe and other major importers will have to fill their underground storage facilities. Oil is more complicated. Stocks of crude and petroleum products have not yet been fully depleted, but sooner or later they will be. Then we will see an explosive, nonlinear jump in prices. In conditions of physical shortage, prices will cease to obey ordinary market logic. The longer the Strait of Hormuz remains closed, the greater the likelihood of this scenario.

Even if one leaves aside the absence of any substantial results from Putin’s visit to Beijing, there are two serious problems in Russian-Chinese economic relations. Whether the Kremlin likes it or not.

First, Russia cannot solve all its problems through exports alone. The main drivers of growth now lie in investment, domestic consumption, and higher labor productivity, not in raw-material shipments. Even despite a 40 percent surge in budget revenues from oil and gas in May, the overall forecast for the year remains discouraging. Exports of agricultural products to China, in dollar terms, grew by 38 percent from January through April, reaching $3.5 billion. The jump is certainly powerful, but on the scale of the Russian economy the sum is modest. Worse still, rising prices first for raw materials and then for food, toward the end of the year because of a poor harvest, will spur inflation inside Russia itself. Food accounts for around 40 percent of spending by the average Russian household.

Logistical problems make the situation worse. The high key interest rate limits investment and forces Russian Railways and other operators to raise tariffs. That accelerates inflation further, since in Russia transport costs play a much more important role in price formation than in most countries with comparable or higher incomes. In a war economy, dependence on raw materials sets off predominantly negative feedback loops. And neither the state of the budget nor the ruble’s exchange rate can tell us how badly consumers will suffer in the end.

Second, China’s strategy of economic security and its leadership in clean technologies are bearing fruit precisely now, in the midst of this crisis. Beijing has the largest oil reserves of any country in the world. Diversified supply and a safety cushion are key parameters of its energy policy. By the most conservative estimates, at the start of the Iranian war China’s reserves stood at between 1.3 and 1.5 billion barrels. They cover roughly four months of domestic consumption. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, in 2025 China was adding to its stocks at a rate of about 1 million barrels per day. In April, crude oil imports fell by 20 percent year on year, but because refineries cut their purchases even more sharply, net crude inventories continued to rise.

We should also take into account the dynamics of China’s green-technology sector and broader macroeconomic trends. The electrification of transport cannot collapse oil demand overnight, but its effect is already visible. Global electric-vehicle sales rose sharply in 2025, and with the onset of the current crisis the process accelerated. This year, electric cars are expected to account for almost 30 percent of all passenger-car sales worldwide. Each month China exports more than $25 billion worth of wind turbines, solar panels, and electric vehicles. Demand is especially strong from the world’s poorest countries, which are hit particularly hard by rising oil and gas prices. There are, of course, constraining factors, and Chinese manufacturers are already beginning to face rising costs. Yet this structural shift is gradually depriving Beijing of incentives to deepen its partnership with Russia. The effect will become still more visible when Chinese companies shift long-haul freight transport, traditionally dependent on diesel, to electric traction on a mass scale. That process has already begun. Beijing is prepared for the worst scenarios. And when it eventually returns to the open market for new volumes of oil, prices will quickly move downward.

There is, then, nothing surprising in the fact that the Russian delegation left Beijing practically empty-handed. And the timing could hardly have been worse. Although the economy is not in free fall, everything suggests that it is in recession. The Central Bank reported that annual inflation in April slowed from 5.9 percent to 2.4 percent. For Russia, inflation below 3 percent is a negative indicator. The structure took shape during Putin’s first term: wage growth is tightly tied to inflation, competition is limited and depends on a sector’s importance to the Kremlin, and the opportunities to invest in expanding production are insufficient. If inflation really has fallen so sharply, it means conditions are deteriorating at speed.

The sectoral programs proposed by the Ministry of Economic Development to raise labor productivity by 25 percent by 2030 are highly revealing. The state is trying to manufacture growth artificially where market conditions do not support it. Demand for cement in the private sector is falling, taxi services are losing money, and sales of new housing in April collapsed by 14.9 percent year on year, even though mortgage lending rose in nominal terms. Bad news follows bad news.

However hard some commentators may try to portray Russia as the chief beneficiary of the war in the Persian Gulf, the results of Putin’s visit to Beijing refute that entirely. Even the prospect of the gravest energy crisis in half a century did not force China to change its approach. It is prepared to buy more Russian oil on the open market. That is all. But Ukraine now has the strike capacity to destroy, on a large scale, a wide range of facilities inside Russia, including refining, transport, and export infrastructure. Even if Putin had secured something more from China, it would not have been enough to compensate for the imbalances eroding the potential of the Russian economy. But he secured nothing. The question arises: if Putin could not use the threat of oil at $200 a barrel as leverage, what can he count on at all?

Y done · S save · G great · B bad · N not for me