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Designer Babies

The promise of germline editing should not be rejected simply because it intervenes in nature, but governed as a public-health measure so that its risks are controlled and its benefits do not become hereditary privileges for the rich.

Hoe voorkomen we een toekomst waarin de rijken genetisch bevoorrechte designerbaby’s creëren?
Project Syndicate · By Menno Grootveld · 12 July 2026 · read the original in Dutch →

Designerbaby’s die via genetische manipulatie worden uitgerust met gewenste lichamelijke en intellectuele eigenschappen, zijn dankzij bestaande technologieën geen verre toekomstmuziek meer. Dit vooruitzicht roept ingrijpende maatschappelijke en ethische vragen op. De grote doorbraak op het gebied van genbewerking vond al enige tijd geleden plaats. Vooral in het eerste en tweede decennium van deze eeuw veranderden de vooruitzichten ingrijpend door de ontwikkeling van de CRISPR-Cas9-technologie, waarmee DNA uiterst nauwkeurig kan worden aangepast.

Designer babies, endowed through genetic manipulation with desired physical and intellectual traits, are no longer some distant music of the future, thanks to technologies that already exist. That prospect raises far-reaching social and ethical questions. The great breakthrough in gene editing occurred some time ago. Above all in the first and second decades of this century, the outlook changed radically with the development of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, which allows DNA to be altered with extraordinary precision.

De mogelijke toepassingen zijn enorm. De techniek kan worden ingezet om ziekte veroorzakende genen uit te schakelen, zaden en landbouwgewassen genetisch aan te passen of geneesmiddelen en vaccins op maat te ontwikkelen. Ook biedt zij nieuwe mogelijkheden voor de behandeling van erfelijke aandoeningen, zoals sikkelcelziekte, en van later in het leven ontstane genetische mutaties, die onder meer een rol spelen bij kanker. Daarnaast maakt de technologie het mogelijk om al in het embryonale stadium genen toe te voegen, te verwijderen of aan te passen, zowel in vivo als in vitro. Daarmee komt ook het vraagstuk van de designerbaby in beeld. Genetische ingrepen bij mensen kunnen kunnen puur somatisch zijn, zodat de gevolgen beperkt blijven tot individuen tijdens hun leven. Ze kunnen echter ook plaatsvinden in de kiembaan, waarbij veranderingen in het DNA worden doorgegeven aan volgende generaties.

The possible applications are immense. The technique can be used to switch off disease-causing genes, genetically modify seeds and agricultural crops, or develop tailor-made medicines and vaccines. It also offers new possibilities for treating hereditary disorders, such as sickle-cell disease, and genetic mutations that arise later in life, which play a role in cancer, among other conditions. In addition, the technology makes it possible, already at the embryonic stage, to add, remove, or alter genes, both in vivo and in vitro. That brings the question of the designer baby into view as well. Genetic interventions in humans may be purely somatic, so that their effects remain limited to individuals during their lifetimes. But they may also take place in the germline, with changes in DNA passed on to subsequent generations.

AI, too, strengthens the possibilities of gene editing. Thanks to artificial intelligence, vast quantities of genetic data can be analyzed to identify combinations of genes that influence not only the risk of disease, but also traits such as appearance, physical strength, and various aspects of cognitive ability. As in Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, designer babies could lead to a society in which only the rich can afford improvements to their own cognitive and physical traits, and to those of their children. In such a scenario, people who already possess great wealth could, with each new generation, become not only richer but also more genetically privileged.

This scenario has long since ceased to be purely hypothetical. Embryo-selection services based on polygenic screening are already being offered commercially to people undergoing IVF treatment. The rapid progress of AI, moreover, is making these techniques ever more attractive to those who can pay for them. If this development continues, we face a future in which billionaires and trillionaires reinforce their economic advantage biologically as well.

To prevent that, many people’s first reaction is to ban “germline editing” and designer babies altogether. But the question is whether that is the right approach. After all, we already intervene in the human body, both in ourselves and in our children, for example through vaccinations and surgery. Moreover, many expectant parents in industrialized countries, and increasingly in emerging economies as well, are tested for hereditary disorders such as Down syndrome, after which they sometimes decide to terminate a pregnancy. The boundary between such medical choices and gene editing is therefore less sharp than is often assumed. The question thus arises whether genetically modifying embryos to create natural immunity to, say, smallpox differs so fundamentally from administering a vaccine to children.

The core of the problem, then, is not so much that we are “intervening in nature,” but that there are two other fundamental objections. First, the long-term consequences of germline editing are still insufficiently known. Living organisms are constantly exposed to pathogens, and genetic changes, especially when passed from parents to children, can create unforeseen vulnerabilities.

This was shown, for example, by the work of the Chinese scientist He Jiankui, who created the first designer babies by altering the CCR5 gene to provide resistance to HIV. Research indicates, however, that the same genetic modification may increase susceptibility to other infections, such as West Nile virus and influenza. In the case of smallpox vaccines, thanks to their relative simplicity and more than two centuries of practical experience, we have a good understanding of their effects. We are still a very long way from being able to say the same of the far more complex and far-reaching process of genome editing.

Second, there is an important difference between vaccines and genome editing. Vaccination is a public-health measure that is, in principle, accessible to everyone. Genome editing, by contrast, will probably be available, certainly in the near future, only to privileged groups. They will be able to pass its advantages on to subsequent generations, with social consequences we can scarcely foresee today.

These two objections also point the way toward how we should deal with germline editing. First of all, we must do everything possible to prevent unforeseen consequences and, if they nevertheless occur, to limit their impact. That requires not only careful research by scientists and laboratories, but also a robust public infrastructure for assessment and oversight. The testing and licensing process should be even stricter than the requirements currently imposed by the US Food and Drug Administration on medicines and vaccines.

Second, we must establish and enforce the principle that germline editing may be used only as a public-health measure. Genetic alterations of the germline must not become a commercial service for sale on the private market. Any intervention in the genome that has been thoroughly tested, is well understood, and demonstrably delivers health benefits must be accessible to everyone, regardless of income or social position.

Introducing such guidelines is not utopian. We already have authoritative institutions with the necessary expertise, and the norms within the scientific community align well with them. For example, both the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the FDA have published extensive reports and guidelines on research into, and the application of, gene editing. The International Summit on Human Gene Editing, organized in 2015 by the American, British, and Chinese academies of science, also took a clear position against germline editing, particularly when it involves altering sex cells or embryos to create hereditary advantages for a privileged minority. At the subsequent conferences in Hong Kong in 2018, where the He Jiankui affair was at the center of attention, and in London in 2023, this position was reaffirmed and further developed.

Precisely because such institutions already exist and have adopted a clear, proactive position, I regard the challenges surrounding designer babies as more manageable than those surrounding AI. With AI, after all, we appear to be facing comparable, far-reaching developments, but without an equally strong institutional framework. The recently established institutes for AI safety and the European supervisory bodies do not, for the time being, possess sufficient authority to actually steer the sector. Moreover, many researchers and laboratories still seem insufficiently aware of the social consequences their work may have.

We must therefore urgently work toward a broad ethical consensus on AI. That is necessary not only to guide the development of artificial intelligence in the right direction, but also because such a framework can help us responsibly address the many interwoven questions surrounding genetic manipulation. If we fail, we risk squandering the future of coming generations for short-term gain.

Menno Grootveld | Copyright: Project Syndicate, 2026.

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