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The Russia-Ukraine War in Its Fourth Year

As the Russia-Ukraine war enters its fourth year, the conflict is reshaping global power, exposing Western fractures, and testing Turkey’s capacity to act as a pragmatic diplomatic mediator.

Batı Kampı ile Rusya Arasındaki Hegemonya Mücadelesi: Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı
Perspektif · By Naman Bakaç · 27 February 2025 · read the original in Turkish →

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Emin İkbal Dürre of the Institute of International Relations and Socio-Political Sciences at Moscow State Linguistic University, Mehmet Rakipoğlu, assistant professor at Mardin Artuklu University and director of Turkey Studies at the Mokha Center for Strategic Studies, and Rıdvan Kaya, president of Özgür-Der, assessed for Perspektif the Russia-Ukraine war as it enters its fourth year.

Interview: Naman BakaçMülakat: Naman Bakaç

The Russia-Ukraine war, now entering its fourth year, continues to shake Europe in particular, and the global order, economy, and security architecture more broadly, to their foundations. This upheaval also stands before us as the reflection of a kind of hegemonic struggle still being waged between the Western camp and Russia. In the Western camp, actors such as the United States, the EU, and NATO are represented through Ukraine; on the other side of the coin are powerful actors such as Russia and China, along with others such as Belarus and North Korea. Turkey, meanwhile, is proceeding in this equation on a balanced, pragmatic, and peaceful plane, engaging both camps in the field of diplomacy and trying to establish a table for peace and negotiation. Yet beneath the struggle for hegemony, we must not forget the hundreds of thousands of people killed in the ongoing war, the cities laid waste, and the pain that does not subside.

As the Russia-Ukraine war, or according to some the occupation, enters its fourth year, this inquiry file analyzes the positions of the United States, the EU, and NATO within the Western camp during the war; the strategies of Russia and Ukraine in the processes of war and peace; the geopolitical ruptures it has caused in the global order; and the possibility of Turkey taking part in this equation as an actor of diplomacy and peace. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Emin İkbal Dürre of the Institute of International Relations and Socio-Political Sciences at Moscow State Linguistic University, Mehmet Rakipoğlu, assistant professor at Mardin Artuklu University and director of Turkey Studies at the Mokha Center for Strategic Studies, and Rıdvan Kaya, president of Özgür-Der, contributed their views.

“AS THE U.S. POSITION DEVELOPS IN RUSSIA’S FAVOR, ZELENSKY IS PURSUING A POLICY OF DRAWING MORE ALLIES TO HIS SIDE”

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Emin İkbal Dürre - Institute of International Relations and Socio-Political Sciences, Moscow State Linguistic University

As the war enters its fourth year, according to an official statement from the Russian General Staff, 99 percent of the Luhansk region and 75 percent of the Zaporizhzhia, Kherson, and Donetsk regions are under Russian control, and this proportion is increasing with every passing day. Although it has cost Russia dearly, Ukraine is losing this war, which it is now almost certain will end in 2025.

Trump even said that “the Ukraine war could be ended without Ukraine.” No one expected quite that much. Since whether the Sky Link system, which is of vital importance for Ukraine, will continue to be made available to Ukraine in the period ahead depends on Elon Musk’s every word, Trump’s approach may not look very realistic, but it is by no means without foundation. In essence, the Ukraine war was shaped neither by the initiative of the United States nor that of the EU. The main actor directing the event and drawing the United States and the EU into it is Britain. That is why it is possible to see the moves Trump is now making as the penultimate scene in the rivalry between Washington and London. The final scene will be played out in the Middle East.

Trump is vindictive and sides with the strong. In the previous election he lost, he has a score to settle with everyone who, at home and abroad, took a stand against him and, in his own words, “made his life hell for four years.” In this conjuncture, Ukraine’s job, or rather Zelensky’s, is difficult. Because he falls into the category of those with whom accounts are to be settled, since he did not give Trump the corruption files related to Biden’s son during the previous election process.

The Ukrainian leader is aware of the gravity of the situation. That is why his goal is no longer, as he initially stated, to recover the territories that have been lost, but to secure security guarantees so as not to lose still more. He wants to include Turkey, alongside the EU and Britain, in this new security equation he is trying to construct. As the U.S. position develops in Russia’s favor, Zelensky is acting on the calculation that “the more allies I can draw to my side, the more I can guarantee myself.”

But it will be very difficult for him to obtain the result he expects. At the final point, no one will want to confront Trump because of Zelensky. At least Turkey certainly will not; until its Syria policy becomes clear, I do not think Erdoğan will take a step that would anger Trump. Although during the visit the president emphasized Ukraine’s territorial integrity, from Turkey’s standpoint relations with Russia are far more important than relations with Ukraine. We understand that Ankara will continue, in the process ahead, to preserve its neutrality and, within this framework, to focus on hosting possible peace talks at least at some stage.

Another important actor that did not expect Trump to take such radical steps is China, which has stated that Ukraine should be included in the negotiation process. If it were up to Beijing, the longer the state of conflict in Ukraine and the Middle East continued, the better. For Trump, once he obtains what he wants in these places, does not hide that he has accounts to settle with China next. In short, the radical moves of the new U.S. leader, which for now appear to favor Russia in the context of the Ukraine war, may cause the cards in world politics to be dealt anew. In any case, with Trump, Russia seems likely to seize the opportunity to re-enter as an effective actor the geopolitical equation from which it had in fact never fully exited, but in which it had lost influence. Yet this will not be so smooth. There are many uncertainties about how the process will proceed.

Alongside its well-known advantages, such as its geographical position, natural wealth, permanent membership of the UN Security Council, and status as a nuclear power, Moscow holds another important advantage: it still occupies a stronger position in the Arctic than the United States, and the benefits brought by the relations it has developed with China in that region are, in the medium term, perceived in the United States as a threat in both economic and security terms. This perception is not without basis. Washington wants to intervene in the Moscow-Beijing equation in the Arctic, an equation it could not break and, on the contrary, reinforced through its sanctions policy.

Another factor that is overlooked, but was raised in the Riyadh talks, is that U.S. firms have suffered losses of 300 billion dollars because of the sanctions imposed on Russia. This is a figure to which the new U.S. leader, who does not like losing money, cannot remain indifferent. When one adds to this, in his own words, roughly the same amount spent for Ukraine, although Kyiv accepts only 117 billion dollars of that sum, and although a significant portion of these aid packages goes to U.S. firms, the resulting amount is striking. If we add it all up, we also understand the logic behind the 500 billion dollars Trump is demanding from Zelensky in the form of valuable minerals.

The marked increase, during the three years of the Ukraine war, in the use of national currencies in trade with Russia, and the momentum gained by the BRICS+ model despite the uncertainties it contains, are processes that could further strain Washington’s hegemony over the world, which is already in the process of being lost.

A NEW ORDER WHOSE THEORY HAS NOT YET BEEN WRITTEN, AND WHICH GRANTS THE RIGHT TO LIVE ONLY TO “THE STRONG,” IS TAKING SHAPE

Over the past three years, a different picture has emerged in the world in terms of both economic and political balances. From this point onward, drawing Russia to his side in his competition with China will not be as easy as Trump foresees. Sanctions caused 36 percent of Russia’s total foreign trade to shift to China. Previously, this share corresponded to Russia’s trade with Europe. Now that share in trade with the EU has fallen to 9 percent. The United States’ place in Russia’s overall foreign trade was only 4 percent even before the sanctions. Now it is much less. In other words, at the point we have reached, Beijing is not a partner Moscow can easily give up. When the general atmosphere of mistrust that has formed between Moscow and Washington in recent years is also taken into account, what I mean becomes even clearer.

All this should not be understood to mean that Moscow does not want to improve its relations with Washington. On the contrary, the most important result of the Riyadh talks was the decision that the diplomatic missions of the two countries would begin working at full capacity. Apart from this, no clear decision emerged from the meeting. For example, there is no clarity at all as to how the envisaged three-stage process on Ukraine, ceasefire-elections-final talks, will function.

In the end, there is now a Trump who sees the Ukrainian leader whom Biden regarded as a “freedom fighter” as a “fraud” and a “dictator.” It appears that, over the next four years, “God willing,” the United States will not attach much importance to the “democratic values” portion of its traditional “liberal-democratic” foreign policy.

This denotes a new order, one whose theory has not yet been written, that overturns received assumptions and grants the right to live only to “the strong.” If London cannot trip it up, this new order will form along the Washington-Beijing-Moscow axis. The EU’s place in the equation will be largely proportional to the role France can “snatch” especially in the Middle East and Africa. Otherwise, Britain will count as having achieved its objective in EU politics. We will see the consequences of this emerging new equation later in the Middle East.

“EUROPE’S STRATEGY OF USING UKRAINE AS A PROXY AGAINST RUSSIA IS NO LONGER SUSTAINABLE”

Mehmet Rakipoğlu - Director of Turkey Studies, Mokha Center for Strategic Studies

The Russia-Ukraine war has had effects across a wide spectrum, from global energy markets to the international security architecture. The West’s sanctions against Russia created uncertainties in energy supply. Although Europe is searching for alternatives to Russian energy, it has not fully resolved this issue. This situation has provoked reactions, especially among European publics struggling with rising energy prices and inflation.

The military and financial support provided to Ukraine by NATO and the United States has limited Russia’s military capacity, but it has not offered a lasting solution for ending the war. Although Ukraine has been equipped with Western military technology and weapons, Russia’s annexation of the Donbas region and its continued control there reveal the complex structure of the war.

While the EU and NATO condemned Russia’s aggressive posture toward Ukraine, the U.S. stance changed markedly with Trump’s rise to power. Trump’s tendency to leave Europe alone in the face of the Russian threat caused problems of trust within the Western alliance. Trump’s efforts to establish dialogue with Putin and his questioning of support for Ukraine are increasing uncertainties over the future of the war.

Europe has been using Ukraine as a proxy against Russia, but this strategy does not appear sustainable in the long term. Ukraine’s NATO membership process and the West’s military support have proved insufficient to break Russia’s influence in the region.

While Russia rejects Ukraine’s NATO membership, it aims to consolidate its control in the Donbas region. The Putin administration preserves its power despite Western sanctions and uses the strategic importance of Russian energy resources to exert pressure on the West. Ukraine, meanwhile, relies on Western support to preserve its territorial integrity and end the Russian occupation. Yet the limited nature of Western support and reactions in domestic politics are putting Ukraine’s strategy under strain.

TURKEY’S ROLE IN DIPLOMACY COULD HELP THE WAR END WITH THE MOST REASONABLE SCENARIO

By pursuing balanced diplomacy in the Russia-Ukraine war, Turkey has managed to win the trust of both sides. Through its diplomacy under President Erdoğan’s leadership, Turkey stands out as the sole global actor capable of contributing to a peaceful end to the war. Zelensky’s most recent visit to Turkey and Trump’s statements confirm this role of Turkey’s. By using its relations with both Russia and Ukraine, Turkey has the potential to mediate at the table of diplomacy and peace. Turkey’s strategic position in the Black Sea and its NATO membership further strengthen this role.

Predictions about how the Russia-Ukraine war will end depend on Trump’s posture in power and on whether the West’s support for Ukraine continues. While Trump’s strategy for ending the war remains uncertain, Turkey’s role in diplomacy could contribute to ending the war through the most reasonable scenario. As uncertainty persists over what the West will do against Russia without Trump, Turkey’s balanced and pragmatic diplomacy could play a key role in ending the war. Turkey’s mediation efforts could contribute both to ensuring regional stability and to rebuilding the global security architecture.

“IT WOULD BE MORE ACCURATE TO SAY RUSSIAN OCCUPATION RATHER THAN THE UKRAINE WAR”

Rıdvan Kaya - President of Özgür-DerRıdvan Kaya – Özgür-Der Genel Başkanı

The Ukraine War, or more plainly, the Russian occupation, has completed its third year. We know that Russia has long had desires and ambitions directed at Ukraine. Under Putin, this unfolded step by step and culminated in the occupation three years ago. If we briefly recall the process, we must speak of the occupation of Ukraine’s eastern regions, Donetsk and Luhansk, and before that, the annexation of Crimea. This must not be ignored. Namely, when the reasons that led to the occupation of Ukraine are sometimes expressed by certain circles, a number of claims are voiced that Ukraine’s desire to join NATO provoked Russia. I do not find this justified or correct.

First of all, the fact that Ukraine is Russia’s neighbor does not lead to the conclusion that the right to determine Ukraine’s future belongs to Russia. Russia may be disturbed by NATO coming to its doorstep, but ultimately Ukraine is an independent country and has the right to determine its own future. Therefore, will it become a member of NATO or not? As a matter of principle, we have to accept that the Ukrainian people should decide this. I would like to emphasize that such discourses aimed at legitimizing the Russian occupation are inconsistent and unjust.

There are two dimensions here. Historically, perhaps since Tsarist Russia, Russia has seen Ukraine as a part of itself. During the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics period, it was in a position, in a sense, of having swallowed Ukraine. But later, the process that emerged with the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc and the collapse of the Soviet Union seriously set Russia back for a period and turned it inward. Yet over time, with Putin coming to the head of Russia and emerging almost as a new tsar, an attitude became clear that desired to return Russia to the old Tsarist era or the USSR period, and that saw this as its mission; and we saw this process toward the occupation of Ukraine develop step by step.

UKRAINE’S STANCE IN THE FACE OF RUSSIAN OCCUPATION IS POSITIVE AND SHOULD BE SUPPORTED

You know that in the occupation of Ukraine, claims have been repeated for many years that Ukraine should have remained neutral, should not have provoked Russia, and therefore fell into the West’s game. In Turkey, Eurasianist circles in particular voiced this. Later, we saw that this gained considerable acceptance among elements close to the government as well. Interestingly, now, after Trump’s latest outbursts, we are witnessing the spread of discourses that blame Zelensky even more in this sense.

I do not find this correct; I do not find it justified. I think Zelensky can be criticized in various respects in this process, but because of the stance he has taken against the occupation of his country, he deserves not criticism but appreciation. Zelensky’s Jewish identity, his support for Israel’s aggression against Gaza, or his relations with the West are separate topics of debate. But Ukraine, as an independent country, did not deserve to be occupied by Russia, and I regard the stance taken against this by the Ukrainian people, the government, and Zelensky as a positive and necessary stance, one that deserves appreciation.

After this process, what will be done regarding the annexation of Crimea? Is there any step that can be taken from now on regarding the occupied Donbas region? These are separate matters of debate. But as a matter of principle, just as with the occupation of the Golan, for example, or the occupation of Palestine, I think that even if one has no power to oppose it, this does not change the fact that it is an occupation. And in this sense, I regard Ukraine’s basic stance against the Russian occupation as positive and as a stance that should be supported.

DISCOURSES CLAIMING THAT ZELENSKY FELL INTO THE WEST’S GAME AND WAS PROVOKED AGAINST RUSSIA ARE NOT JUSTIFIED

As for the West’s stance, I briefly think that discourses claiming Ukraine fell into the West’s game, or that Ukraine was provoked against Russia, are not justified. Namely, when it came to the Russian occupation developing step by step, many warnings came from the West, chiefly from the U.S. administration, insisting that Russia must not enter upon an occupationist course in this matter and that this was unacceptable. I think interpreting these warnings as a Western trap is a manipulative approach and is not justified. Putin did not occupy Ukraine because he was forced to. Putin occupied it in line with his imperialist ambitions, and therefore the failure of those imperialist ambitions to be realized is, I think, a gain on behalf of humanity. In this process, I also regard Western aid to Ukraine, independently of the West’s imperialist aims, as support ultimately given to a just cause. The West’s imperialist aims cannot of course be legitimized or ignored through such support, but I would like to say that it is unjust to blame the Ukrainian people and the Zelensky administration because of this.

TURKEY’S MAINTAINING RELATIONS WITH BOTH SIDES IS A SUCCESS OF THE ERDOĞAN ADMINISTRATION

Looking at the stance Turkey has taken in this process: Turkey is a country in a difficult geography and at the center of the struggle among great powers. In this sense, I think the Erdoğan administration, and Turkey, have been successful on Ukraine. Namely, from the beginning of the process, Turkey rejected the occupation directed at Ukraine as a matter of principle. It did not recognize the annexation of Crimea. It opposed Russia’s occupation, but at the same time it did not cut off relations with the Russian administration; it did not burn bridges. Europe, for example, entered into a showdown with Russia because of the stance it took on this issue, and while it imposed an embargo on Russia, Russia in turn began to squeeze Europe with various weapons, above all natural gas. In this process, Turkey became a country able to speak with both sides, a country that made efforts, in a sense, to bring both sides to the table. Indeed, Erdoğan’s efforts in partially alleviating the global grain shortage cannot be denied. In this sense, despite the three-year occupation process, Turkey’s ability to maintain relations with both sides should be seen as a success of the Erdoğan administration. The whole world suffered because of the occupation of Ukraine, but maintaining relations with both sides became a factor that at least reduced Turkey’s losses.

What will Turkey’s role be in this process after Trump? Can it come to the fore again as before? These are matters of debate. It may, or it may not. From the standpoint of the process as a whole, I think that Erdoğan’s trouble-free maintenance of relations with both Zelensky and Putin should be seen as a reflection of the successful policies pursued by the Erdoğan administration in the international or diplomatic arena. We all know that Trump’s outbursts regarding Ukraine have now put the Ukrainian administration in a very difficult position, but I do not think these are very realistic or executable policies.

TRUMP’S LATEST OUTBURSTS, A REFLECTION OF SPOILED RICH-MAN BEHAVIOR, SERVE PUTIN AND WEAKEN WESTERN POLICY

We see that these outbursts by Trump, which may in a sense be regarded as a reflection of spoiled rich-man behavior, ultimately harm both the American administration and Western policy as a whole, and perhaps bring Putin to the point of extracting certain concessions without taking any risks at all. We can make this concrete as follows. Before the American vice president even enters the NATO meeting, he says Ukraine can never become a member of NATO. This may be meaningful in terms of their relations with Russia, but one must think of it this way: if you are going to conduct a negotiation, when you accept from the outset the demands of the party with whom you will negotiate, without making them any matter of bargaining, your negotiation process is harmed by this.

In this sense, I think the attitude of Trump and his team is amateurish and unsuccessful. Looking at the matter from this angle, the stance of France, Britain, and Germany seems to me more logical, at least in terms of their own interests and in terms of protecting the future of the Ukrainian people. The ambitions in the background of the European Union may be debated, but when viewed in general terms, on the issue of the Ukrainian people not being subjected to occupation and defending their rights, I think the attitude Trump has adopted serves Putin completely and indirectly weakens Western policy; and in this sense, I expect that after a while it may draw reactions from the American administration, the American state bureaucracy, foreign policy circles, and the Pentagon as well.

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