translated from EN/FR/ZH

The Sun Switches Off France’s Nuclear Power Plants

France’s effort to combine a nuclear baseload fleet with rapidly expanding solar and wind power is forcing reactors into damaging flexibility and calling their economics into question.

Solare Wucht stresst Reaktoren—Die Sonne knipst die französischen Atomkraftwerke aus
ntv · By Christian Herrmann · 9 June 2026 · read the original in EN/FR/ZH →

In France, 57 nuclear reactors reliably supply continuous power. At the same time, France, like Germany, is turning to solar and wind energy. Their fickleness is forcing French reactors to become flexible. But they were not built for that. The operator is sounding the alarm.

ntv: Solar force strains reactors: The sun switches off France’s nuclear power plants

https://www.n-tv.de/wirtschaft/Die-Sonne-knipst-die-franzoesischen-Atomkraftwerke-aus-id30891601.html Xenon in the nuclear reactor Increasing material fatigue The business model is in question Which sacrifice will Paris choose?

By Christian Herrmann • June 6, 2026von Christian Herrmann • 6. Juni 2026

At the end of May, French electricity prices shot upward. The cause was the weather forecast: Western Europe was suffering under the summer’s first heat wave. In Paris, temperatures climbed to 33 degrees Celsius. On the EEX power exchange, prices for June electricity deliveries rose by more than 10 percent. According to reports, traders feared that the searing heat would put French nuclear power plants in a bind: several reactors are cooled with river water. If the water temperature rises too high, or the water level falls too low, they have to be ramped down, as they were last year.

The operator of France’s nuclear reactors offered reassurance. Throttling or shutting down nuclear plants during heat waves reduces annual electricity production by an average of 0.3 percent, the energy company EDF says.

Leonhard Gandhi of the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems agrees. Heat is a problem only for those nuclear power plants that have no cooling tower, the energy expert says. In France, there are only a few of those.

But heat also means sunshine. And that poses the greater operational challenge. “There will be significant problems in ten years,” Gandhi says. A few weeks ago, EDF pointed to the high costs incurred in 2025 because nuclear power had to be curtailed. “There is no sign that it will get better. This effect will increase from year to year.” For nuclear power plants and renewable energies are incompatible.

France currently operates 57 nuclear reactors. They provide baseload power, meaning continuous electricity, unlike solar and wind energy. After major difficulties three or four years ago, they are now once again doing so reliably.

For the future, the French government, like Germany’s, is relying heavily on renewable energy, though it is proceeding more cautiously: installed solar capacity currently stands at 33 gigawatts. That is one quarter of Germany’s capacity. Yet on sunny days, those 33 gigawatts already generate so much solar power that France, like Germany, has to consider how it can use as much of it as possible.

The answer is to build many battery storage systems, so that cheap solar power can be stored for later consumption. Flexibility is also important: in an intelligent electricity system, industry and private households can consume especially large amounts of electricity precisely when it is available in surplus and therefore cheap. This is being implemented in both countries, but it will take several years.

Unlike in Germany, however, France’s nuclear power plants continue running even on sunny days. More and more often, though, they run at reduced output. They operate at 80 or 60 percent of capacity so as not to destroy the value of cheap solar power.

The French power-plant fleetDer französische Kraftwerkspark

France has 18 nuclear power plants, operated by the state-owned electricity company EDF. The 57 reactors are divided among three major construction series:

- 32 with a capacity of 900 megawatts- 32 mit einer Leistung von 900 Megawatt

- 20 with a capacity of 1,300 megawatts- 20 mit einer Leistung von 1300 Megawatt

- 5 with a capacity of 1,450 megawatts- 5 mit einer Leistung von 1450 Megawatt

But they were not built for this. If output is reduced too quickly, the concentration of xenon in the reactor core rises. The noble gas temporarily prevents power from being ramped back up. “It decays over the course of 20 to 30 hours,” says Leonhard Gandhi. “That is why, after a rapid shutdown, a nuclear power plant can only be restarted after one or two days. It is similar when a nuclear plant is operated in an extreme part-load range. That played a decisive role in the Chernobyl reactor disaster. For that reason, output is reduced at most to 60 or 50 percent.”

In addition to xenon poisoning, throttling also threatens thermal problems inside the reactor. Components heat up at different speeds and cool down at different speeds. That stresses pipes and weld seams. Material fatigue increases. The reactors age more quickly.

When output is throttled, hydrogen also accumulates in the cooling water. It attacks the metal in the cooling lines. They become brittle more quickly and develop cracks. These problems can be solved technically. But doing so costs a great deal of money and makes nuclear power plant operation less economical, and therefore more expensive. Shutdowns lasting weeks

Finding a solution is complicated for France also because its nuclear fleet is designed around electricity consumption on a cold winter day. Unlike German households, many French households heat with electric heaters. In winter, they consume considerably more electricity than in summer, in some cases almost twice as much. In warm months, then, France has massive overcapacity in electricity generation.

Last January, for example, it was bitterly cold. French electricity consumption rose to 90 gigawatts. The French nuclear fleet ran at full tilt and covered just under two thirds, 55 GW, of demand.

By now, all households have switched off their electric heaters. In May, French electricity consumption was only between 30 and 52 gigawatts. When the sun was shining, there was therefore little for the nuclear power plants to do. At times they generated only half as much electricity, 27 GW, as in winter.

“Operationally, this is handled by scheduling maintenance for the summer months,” Gandhi says. “A typical nuclear power plant is shut down and inspected for about one month a year. That is done when electricity demand is lower, but it cannot be shifted at will. The more solar power is generated, the more power plants have to be shut down on top of that. The past few years have shown this: last summer, several nuclear power plants were shut down for days and weeks.” More wind, solar, and nuclear power

Another problem is that French electricity consumption, too, will rise in the coming years. Electromobility, data centers, possible hydrogen production, and electrified industrial processes require energy. The additional demand can be met most quickly with renewable energies. According to the International Energy Agency, solar and battery projects are generally implemented in less than two years. Wind projects take two to two and a half years; new nuclear power plants take more than ten years.

The French government’s central energy plan therefore provides for massive expansion of both onshore and offshore wind power. The same applies to solar capacity, which is to be tripled by 2035.

At the same time, however, nuclear power is to remain the central pillar of the French electricity system. The fleet’s availability is to increase. President Emmanuel Macron’s government also plans six to eight new nuclear power plants. These would then have to be paid off, and for that reason alone would have to run continuously. How is that supposed to work in warm months?

On this point, the central energy plan says that nuclear power plants will have to follow load more often, meaning electricity consumption. They are to be throttled even more frequently, although that harms them.

The operator also points this out. The French nuclear company EDF warns of shorter maintenance intervals, additional inspections to detect damage, and a growing need for spare parts.

“Renewables place a burden on the operation of our plants,” EDF’s inspector general for nuclear safety writes in his 2025 annual report. “In the past, about a dozen reactors had to adjust their output over the course of a day. By now it is no longer unusual for half the power-plant fleet to be affected. In winter, when electricity demand on the grid is especially high, wind energy can fluctuate by more than 20 gigawatts within a few hours. When the sun is shining at midday, nuclear energy likewise recedes into the background, only to cover peak demand once darkness falls. These load fluctuations place a burden on the operation of our plants. The increase in outages is not obvious. Over time, however, the effects will be felt. In the long term, they call the business model into question.”

It is obvious: even if throttling did not impose additional stress on reactor materials, it would in any case hurt EDF’s coffers. The costs of operating nuclear power plants do not fall just because a reactor produces less electricity. Staff are on site and monitoring it. In the worst case, EDF pays the full price for half as much electricity, if that.

That is why the nuclear company is openly warning against a situation in which only nuclear power has to respond to the generation of renewables. It would like wind turbines and solar installations, at least in part, to show some consideration for nuclear power plants as well. On especially windy or sunny days, however, France would then be giving up precisely the cheapest form of electricity: renewable power.

Energy experts, by contrast, see only one way out: France must choose. The government must sacrifice either the nuclear power plants or renewables. At large scale, nuclear power and renewable energies are incompatible, not for ideological reasons, but because physics and economics will not cooperate.

Y done · S save · G great · B bad · N not for me