translated from Japanese

From “a Drop in a Great River” to the Challenge of Removing 880 Tons of Debris at TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station: Inside Unit 5, Built to the Same Design as Unit 2

TEPCO’s first retrieval of a mere 0.7 grams of fuel debris from Fukushima Daiichi’s Unit 2 marks only the smallest beginning of a technically unprecedented, decades-long effort to remove an estimated 880 tons of material.

「大河の一滴」から880トンのデブリ取り出しに挑む―東電福島第1原発 : 2号機と同型の5号機内部を取材
Nippon.com · By Naoshige Kaida · 11 March 2025 · read the original in Japanese →

From “a Drop in a Great River” to the Challenge of Removing 880 Tons of Debris: TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station: Reporting from Inside Unit 5, Built to the Same Design as Unit 2. Society; Economy and Business; Weather and Disasters - English - Japanese - Simplified Chinese - Traditional Chinese - French - Spanish - Arabic - Russian.

In November 2024, Tokyo Electric Power Company succeeded for the first time in experimentally retrieving roughly 0.7 grams of fuel debris from Unit 2. The work had originally been planned for 2021, but the development of the equipment and preparatory operations took time, delaying the effort by three years.

How, exactly, did they manage to remove some 0.7 grams of debris?

I went inside Unit 5, whose structure is almost identical to that of Unit 2. At the time of the earthquake disaster, Unit 5 was shut down for periodic inspection and therefore escaped serious damage. In the effort to remove debris from Unit 2, Unit 5 has served as a full-scale simulation facility, useful for studying entry routes for work robots and for developing equipment.

Directly Beneath the Pressure Vessel圧力容器の真下へ

In the space directly beneath the reactor pressure vessel of Unit 5, a dense array of devices, including drive mechanisms for the control rods used to regulate the reactor’s output, hung down like icicles. A penetration hole known as the “X-6 penetration,” formerly used when replacing this equipment, became the entry point for approaching the fuel debris that had melted and fallen below.

The 0.7 Grams Collected as if Lowering a Fishing Line釣り糸を垂らすようにして採取した0.7グラム

The X-6 penetration has an inner diameter of 55 centimeters. A guide pipe was installed there, and a device was pushed into the containment vessel as though extending a fishing rod. Through a gap in the grating, the iron lattice cover, a claw-like tool at the tip was lowered straight down, and a tiny handful of debris accumulated at the bottom of the containment vessel was collected. That was the roughly 0.7 grams.

Of course, it is impossible to enter the interior of the accident-stricken Unit 2, so the work was conducted remotely, on the basis of accumulated preliminary surveys and while checking camera images. In Unit 5, when one looks beneath the grating, devices for replacing the control-rod drive mechanisms and other internal equipment can be seen. In Unit 2, however, the fuel is believed to have melted down while engulfing such internal mechanisms, accumulating at the bottom of the containment vessel; the difficulty of removing it is immeasurable.

A Drop in a Great River大河の一滴

Akira Ono, chief decommissioning officer of TEPCO’s Fukushima Daiichi Decontamination and Decommissioning Engineering Company, described the experimental retrieval in the autumn of 2024 as “a drop in a great river.”

“At first it may truly be only a single drop, but I think what matters is to make it steadily larger. To that end, we want to make full use of every piece of knowledge we can gain.” The company is also aiming to begin surveys using a robotic arm.

This spring, TEPCO will attempt a second experimental retrieval from Unit 2. The company says it is moving ahead with improvements, including a redesign of the tip section, in order to mitigate the weakness of the fishing-rod-style device, whose end is not stable.

In last year’s experimental retrieval, it was discovered at the last moment that the pipes used to push the retrieval device into the containment vessel had been connected in the wrong order. Then, just before the device was to grasp the fuel debris, another problem arose: the camera attached to the device’s tip stopped transmitting images.

“The work of connecting the pipes in sequence is itself extremely simple, so we had thought there was no safety problem. But because it is an area with high radiation levels, workers must be in full protective gear, including full-face masks, and must finish the task quickly while it is hard to move. There were also problems with voices not carrying well and communication being difficult,” Ono recalls. Ahead of the second experimental retrieval, TEPCO will proceed with still greater caution, including checks of workers’ movements.

In addition, during fiscal 2025 the company plans to begin surveys using a robotic arm. Compared with the fishing-rod-style device, which is like lowering a line straight down through gaps in the grating, the robotic arm has a far wider range of motion. Because it can measure radiation levels and capture images at various points on the bottom of the containment vessel, TEPCO expects it will sharply increase the amount of information that can be gathered toward full-scale debris retrieval.

Fuel debris in Units 1 through 3 is estimated to amount to 880 tons. Recovering all of it on the road to decommissioning will be a long undertaking, and in the course of that process the work will likely be beset by “unexpected” troubles.

Ono says, “Until now, there were areas where we left human resource development to the partner companies responsible for decommissioning work. But this is a difficult site, an unprecedented work environment where the skills and knowledge required keep changing. TEPCO, too, must become integrally involved in developing personnel and improving skills.”

“Decommissioning will require many years, and local people need to be involved. We want to create conditions in which decommissioning can proceed sustainably while bringing local companies into the effort,” he says.

Reporting and text: Naoshige Kaida (Nippon.com Editorial Department). Reporting and photography: Yukinori Hashino (Nippon.com Editorial Department).取材・文 : 貝田尚重(ニッポンドットコム編集部) 取材・撮影 : 土師野幸徳(ニッポンドットコム編集部)

Banner photo: Inside the primary containment vessel of Unit 5 at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. Its basic structure is the same as that of the accident-stricken Units 1 through 3, and it is being used as a full-scale simulation facility for advancing decommissioning work.

Y done · S save · G great · B bad · N not for me