learning · Arabic — bilingual opening

June 30 Was a Clear Message, Like January 25 Before It

Khaled Ali reads June 30 as the result of the Brotherhood's arrogance and the opposition's wager on the military, a double failure that squandered January's democratic promise and left Egypt facing another social explosion.

حوار| خالد علي: سُلطة 30 يونيو فشلت حتى في القضاء على الإخوان
Al Manassa · 5 March 2024 · read the original in Arabic →

"30 يونيو رسالة واضحة، كما 25 يناير قبلها: إذا لم تستمع السلطة لصوت الناس فسيحدث تغيير، بغض النظر عما سيُسفر عنه هذا التغيير، وسواء كان في مصلحة الناس أم لا، سيحدث حتمًا".

"June 30 was a clear message, just as January 25 had been before it: if authority does not listen to the people's voice, change will happen, regardless of what that change produces, and whether or not it serves the people's interests. It will happen inevitably."

هذه الخلاصة التي وردت على لسان المحامي اليساري والمرشح الرئاسي السابق خالد علي في حواره مع المنصة. بعد 13 عامًا على احتجاجات 30 يونيو، يذكرنا بتيارٍ ثالثٍ كان من رموزه؛ رفضَ التمترس خلف أيٍّ من قطبي الأزمة في لحظة الانقسام الكبير بين تحالف جبهة الإنقاذ مع المؤسسة العسكرية والأجهزة الأمنية من جهة، وجماعة الإخوان المسلمين وحلفائها من جهة أخرى.

This is the conclusion voiced by the leftist lawyer and former presidential candidate Khaled Ali in his interview with Al Manassa. Thirteen years after the June 30 protests, he reminds us of a third current of which he was one of the symbols: one that refused to entrench itself behind either pole of the crisis at the moment of the great division between the National Salvation Front's alliance with the military establishment and the security agencies, on the one hand, and the Muslim Brotherhood and its allies, on the other.

Today, after the years have passed and the division has not ended, Khaled Ali returns to read the present scene in light of the June 30 split, when the late president Mohamed Morsi squandered every available opportunity to avert the explosion, and the National Salvation Front chose to consolidate the political power of the military establishment. The two sides thus wasted the chances of realizing the principles of the January revolution: freedom, justice, democracy, and the transfer of power. They brought Egypt to a moment in which it is living "on the mouth of an explosion of social anger that exists. When will it come out? God knows. In what form and shape, and for what reasons? God knows that too."

No Military, No Brotherhoodلا عسكر ولا إخوان

Keeping away from the two poles of the crisis on June 30 was not Khaled Ali's choice alone. This current already existed in the Egyptian street and carved out for itself a third path distinct from the other two, "because it did not feel that the Muslim Brotherhood was taking the country along the path we had hoped for, especially after the constitutional declaration. This was so clear that a very important number of advisers who worked with Dr. Mohamed Morsi in the presidency, from different political currents, resigned because they saw that this was not the right path that could achieve the revolution's demands. On the other side, there was the path of the National Salvation Front, and there was a clear alliance between it and the military establishment."

Since the 1980s, Khaled Ali has been active as a leftist labor lawyer, taking on many major labor cases such as the minimum wage, opposition to privatization, and union independence. After the January revolution, he ran in the presidential election as the youngest candidate, and his campaign received broad support from young people in the emerging political currents. He also joined in founding the Socialist Popular Alliance Party, later withdrew from it, and sought to establish the leftist Bread and Freedom Party.

With Morsi's assumption of the presidency in June 2012, this current settled on its rejection of the new rule, especially the constitutional declaration issued by the late president Morsi on November 22, 2012, granting himself broad powers. That marked a dividing point in the position of many political forces toward his rule, and more importantly revived fears of the Brotherhoodization of the state, not only among politicians but also among sectors of the Egyptian street, especially Christians.

My assessment is that a call for early presidential elections would have been enough to change the entire scene, even before reaching the June 30 moment.

These fears, which troubled everyone, some chose to confront through the National Salvation Front alliance, which was formed on the day of "Morsi's constitutional declaration" as a direct reaction. Its alliance with the military establishment was not clear at the time, in Khaled Ali's view, but he sees it today as clearer: "Now, when you listen to the conversations of some party leaders, you discover that there were telephone calls, and meetings away from its formal meetings, taking place over the National Salvation Front and over the decisions this front was supposed to issue."

Ali sees the same thing with regard to the Tamarod movement, founded on April 20, 2013, which was transformed from "an important youth initiative into a tool placed within a framework moving in the same direction."

This is how the human rights lawyer and leftist politician defines the formation of the third current between the two paths: "the Brotherhood, and the National Salvation Front, and between them ordinary people in the street who see that this path is wrong and want real change." He stresses that what distinguished the third current was its ability to analyze the situation more deeply, its serious rejection of the military establishment's intervention in the transitional phase, and its rejection of the remnants of the Mubarak regime.

Stations of Collapseمحطات السقوط

Khaled Ali expands on what preceded the June 30 moment, recalling the events of that heated year and the successive positions of the Muslim Brotherhood that led to the loss of trust in them. He identifies what he calls "shocking stations" in Mohamed Morsi's rule: "They were not shocking to us alone, or to the street alone, but also to the advisers themselves. I mean the group from the civil current who agreed to be present in the management of the country's affairs near Dr. Mohamed Morsi, and bore the cost of that, but over time saw that it was difficult for them to continue along this path."

Ali believes that one of the most prominent of those stations was what happened at Cairo Stadium, when Morsi announced the severing of relations with Syria: "Bashar al-Assad was dropping bombs and barrels on the Syrian people, and there was a Syrian revolution. But in the end, you do not announce the severing of relations with a state in Cairo Stadium, in the middle of a conference for which you have mobilized your supporters. This is an important sign of how the state was being managed, because in such a matter there are many considerations connected to relations between states on the one hand, and relations between peoples on the other."

Khaled Ali returns again to the station of the constitutional declaration, "which was issued in a form saying it could not be challenged in any way whatsoever, to the point that part of the independent judiciary, not the Brotherhood and not those connected to Mubarak, attacked this constitutional declaration."

He also reminds us of the meeting to discuss the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam file, "which was broadcast live on air" and raised obvious problems. Then there was the economic path, for "the economic discourse of Brotherhood leaders in Mubarak's days did not differ from Ahmed Ezz's economic discourse."

He stresses that the Brotherhood's way of dealing with files of such size and importance showed that they were not prepared. To that he adds the way the constituent assembly for drafting the constitution was formed: "I was one of the people who filed a lawsuit against the committee that Dr. Mohamed Morsi formed to prepare the constitution, and I obtained a ruling from the Administrative Court to re-form this committee so there would be a better balance."

Faced with all those positions, the leftist politician insists that they used only political tools in the movement: "With these political tools we expressed our rejection, and we were not against there being an evolution in the brothers' vision of how to manage the state." He notes that "the Brotherhood wasted the period from January to May, which represented a very important space in which they could analyze the situation, pay attention to the anger inside the political blocs belonging to the revolution, and begin building consensus around the disputed elements that had accumulated."

The ruling regime paid no attention to any of the appeals and squandered every opportunity, according to Khaled Ali, who sees the June 30 scene as the outcome of what preceded it: "The matter is not tied to June 30 alone. June 30 was the moment of climax and final boiling over, but what came before it was more important."

Brotherhood Arroganceالصلف الإخواني

On the threshold of June 2013, the Brotherhood's options narrowed amid the rising movement. Even so, Khaled Ali believes escape from the impasse was not impossible: "My assessment is that a call for early presidential elections would have been enough to change the entire scene, even before reaching the June 30 moment. The Egyptian street at that time was going out to demonstrate almost every day, and the Brotherhood were losing part of their allies daily. That was an indicator that could not be ignored."

The former presidential candidate understands that the option of relinquishing power is not easy for a large political current the size of the Brotherhood, but he points to the difficulty of the remaining options: "In such cases you have one of two paths before you: either read reality, understand the rejection that has formed against you organizationally and popularly, and seek to dissolve it, or ignore it and cling to the legitimacy of the ballot box."

No matter who swears that there was no coordination between the National Salvation Front and the military establishment, I will not believe it.

Khaled Ali believes that "the Brotherhood chose the second path without paying attention to the major indicators present in the street. The opposition to Morsi in the street was genuinely large, had a popular backing, and was not fabricated." He considers the reshuffling of the government another wasted opportunity, after the opportunity to call early elections, that could have lessened the severity of the crisis: "The Brotherhood kept Dr. Hisham Qandil as prime minister, and that in itself was an expression of defiance and arrogance."

Despite what was said about the civil forces' refusal to cooperate with Mohamed Morsi, the former presidential candidate believes that a little flexibility from the Muslim Brotherhood would have pushed some to cooperate if there had been serious offers to that effect: "If someone had come to me and said that the indicators are difficult and threaten the revolution's demands, and that we realize we have made some mistakes, and that we need to reunite the forces of the revolution, and we ask you to participate in forming the government, and are prepared not to be alone in it, indeed not even to be the majority, as a gesture of goodwill toward the idea of partnership everyone was talking about, I think that approach would have encouraged acceptance and would have created a supportive element in the middle of the crisis."

The conflict was not confined to Ittihadiya and Tahrir Square. Khaled Ali tries to build a broader picture of the crisis the country lived through and whose dimensions the Brotherhood did not fully grasp: "We always looked at the conflict from above, and did not look at it from below. The conflict in the villages was fierce. Brotherhood groups took control of youth centers and community development associations, and their struggle in the villages and hamlets was bitter against National Democratic Party groups on one side and the revolution's youth counted among the civil current on the other. There was a clear expression of the idea of spreading the largest possible number of Brotherhood members inside the body of the state and inside all the organizational structures present in society."

Although any party's arrival in power through the ballot box gives it legitimacy to assume various political and executive positions in the state, this situation is not proper when it comes in the wake of a revolution like January's, as Khaled Ali sees it: "You did not come alone. You are the expression of a collective condition of diverse groups with a minimum set of demands. Expressing these groups requires partnership in government, because you are in a transitional phase in which you must make all parties to the revolution feel that they are part of this phase and bear responsibility within it."

The False Dawnالفجر الكاذب

Given this complex scene, reaching June 30 was not surprising. The signs of where things were headed, even before the demonstrations broke out, were clear and warned that rule would fall as easy spoils into the hands of military rule: "Anyone close to political work, not necessarily possessing great political experience, knows that in moments of crisis the one who possesses the elements of power is the one who will control the transitional phase. The one who had the elements of power in that crisis was, in truth, the military establishment, and therefore it controlled the transitional phase. This control did not begin on June 30; it existed before then."

Accordingly, can we say that the National Salvation Front folded itself into this movement supported by the army's power? Khaled Ali does not regard the existence of a relationship between the National Salvation Front and the military establishment as a mere conclusion or expectation. He speaks more in the language of certainty: "If someone swore every oath known to Muslims that there was no coordination with the military establishment, I would not believe it. There was coordination taking place by some leaders of the National Salvation Front. I hope people speak clearly about what happened. And there was resistance too. I mean there was a faction inside the National Salvation Front that resisted and tried. Tried to refuse."

Khaled Ali gives as an example of this faction Ahmed Fawzi, a leader in the Egyptian Social Democratic Party: "In one of the front's meetings, when Dr. Abu al-Ghar assigned him to represent him, he had contrary positions. Likewise Mr. Abdel Ghaffar Shokr, head of the Socialist Popular Alliance Party."

But the voices rejecting this path were not enough to change it. On the contrary, they became the object of accusation and sometimes pursuit. The voice of reason was the last thing that could be heard then: "Unfortunately, the sharpness of the conflict made every voice in the middle count as a traitor. Each side considered every centrist voice to be with the other side. If you discussed matters with the Brotherhood and told them that what they were doing was dangerous and they should act differently, they considered you to be with the military establishment. And if you spoke before the military establishment about the importance of the democratic experiment and real democratic exits, they considered you a supporter of the Brotherhood."

The Brotherhood dragged the conflict onto the terrain of violence. And when violence begins, the sound of bullets rises and the voice of politics disappears.

Even so, Ali does not see what happened as a compulsory path that the political forces had no choice but to follow: "There are no compulsory paths in politics, but whoever possesses the elements of power controls the transitional phase." Here he puts his finger on the main error into which the National Salvation Front fell: "They were chiefly concerned with bringing down the Brotherhood, without concern for the alternative path, how to preserve an ongoing democratic condition, genuine early elections, and keeping state institutions away from those elections."

Millions May Not Be Enoughالملايين قد لا تكفي

It seems strange that such criticism should come from one of the political actors, for what he criticizes in the National Salvation Front could rebound on him as well. Here Khaled Ali acknowledges that their movement as an alternative current was also weak and late: "There were very many groups in the middle, and they formed what became known as the Revolutionaries' Front. Many groups rejected both paths and said that the third path was for us to move in a different way. But in the end they were organizationally weak groups. Talk of the third path began in practice after Morsi's removal, but the point is that whoever possesses power is the one who draws the direction."

In the equation of power, the presence of millions in the street may not be enough to impose democracy. Khaled Ali considers this wager closer to an adventure because it lacked real tools: "There was a belief that people coming out into the street in very large numbers would make the Brotherhood read the scene and deal with it with intelligence and political professionalism. Meaning they would appreciate this turnout and not consider it imaginary. Thus the millions in the street would have the same weight as the ballot box, and what was required then was not how to keep power, but how to continue as part of the fabric of this homeland."

Here he stresses that, in his view, the people's coming out was real: "Were there agencies playing a role in magnifying this turnout? Of course. And any ruler must expect that."

The Brotherhood and their supporters' turn to violence after Morsi's ouster pushed the country toward the worst path. Ali asks: "Who burned the churches? Who burned Christians' property? Who dragged the conflict onto the terrain of violence? When the conflict is dragged onto the terrain of violence, the voice of bullets is the one that rises and the voice of politics is the one that disappears."

This road inevitably led to July 3 and what followed: the return to military rule, even if it wore civilian dress, represented in the assumption of the presidency by the head of the Constitutional Court, the choice of Beblawi's government, and Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei's presence in the picture.

The obsession the political authority has now is not the civil current or the Brotherhood, but Mubarak.

When Khaled Ali reads what happened in the year during which Morsi held the presidency, and the Brotherhood's reaction to June 30, he equates the cost of the Brotherhood's remaining in power with the cost of what followed June 30: "I am not comparing bad with worse. Both are very costly, and both, in my view, wasted very many opportunities for the Egyptian people. The Egyptian people's struggle is an ongoing struggle, and the number of those in prison bears witness to that."

But does Khaled Ali, and the current to which he belongs, not bear part of the responsibility for where we have ended up? The presidential candidate, who came seventh in the 2012 elections with only about 130,000 votes, denies any guilt or responsibility for himself, and denies it as well for the revolutionary currents and the youth movement, placing full responsibility on authority and the parties close to it: "The choices of those outside power were weak. The main choice was in the hands of whoever possessed power."

He defends himself further: "Was my role to send messages to the Brotherhood? That happened. Was my role to file cases? We filed cases, sessions were held, and dialogue took place. Was my role to demonstrate? That happened. Was my role to express my point of view and my rejection of this path? That happened. The other side's role was to hear me or imprison me, and that also happened."

The Coming Explosionالانفجار القادم

Khaled Ali surprises us in his reading of the political situation today by saying that ousted president Mohamed Hosni Mubarak is the greatest challenge facing the current ruling system: "The obsession the political authority has now is not the civil current or the Brotherhood, but Mubarak. The great challenge for the current authority is answering a question turning in the mind of everyone in the Egyptian street: how did Mubarak manage it? Prices were not like this, education was not like this, class differences were not like this. So the main question has become: why, until now, have we not been able to return to the same point? There is a comparison going around in people's minds, even if it is silent, and even if the media hides it and politicians hide it. There is a comparison between Mubarak's time and the present time."

We asked him whether people, when making this comparison, blame the January revolution rather than the current regime. He said: "January 25 ended on March 19. The forces that came out on January 25 were fragmented by the constitutional declaration issued on March 19, then came the period of Muslim Brotherhood rule, then the transitional phase of June 30, which we are living until now. From June 30 to this moment, we are on a political path connected to the military establishment and to July, with its positives and negatives."

After 13 years, Khaled Ali believes that the post-June 30 authority, which derived its existence from the inevitability of eliminating the Muslim Brotherhood, has failed even to finish off the group. They "are present until this moment, even if they do not express themselves. And to anyone who imagines that prisons will lead to the elimination of the Muslim Brotherhood, I say: your idea is wrong." He rejects building today's political discussion on "who was right and who was wrong 13 years ago. This is an illusion."

More important, according to the leftist politician, is "how we answer the questions of the future connected to democracy, education, and health." He warns that "Egypt is living on the mouth of an explosion of social anger that exists. Is there a force in the Egyptian street capable of telling people to go out, and they go out? No, there is no force capable of that. And if they go out, is there a force capable of absorbing them?" Here he foresees that the coming movement will produce "its natural leaders" from within itself: leaders we do not know, at a moment that cannot be defined. And that is not necessarily a bad thing.

Interview | Mounir Fakhry Abdel Nour: This Is Not What We Dreamed of on June 30حوار| منير فخري عبد النور: ليس هذا ما حلمنا به في 30 يونيو

I personally was filled with hope, optimistic to the utmost degree, and I saw that we were approaching a completely different world. It is completely different, but not the difference I was seeking and hoping for: more freedom.

June 29, 202629-6-2026

Amr Moussa: An Opportunity Squandered by Drawing Near the Palaceعمرو موسى.. فرصة أضاعها الاقتراب من القصر

We too wronged you when we counted you as part of the Mubarak regime, but we had an excuse: during the revolution's roaring wave, you offered nothing that would make the revolutionaries see otherwise, and you gave the Brotherhood an opening to impugn you.

February 22, 202522-2-2025

Hamdeen Sabahi: Egypt Will Not Allow the Constitution to Be Amended, and These Are My Messages to Sisiحمدين صباحي: مصر لن تسمح بتعديل الدستور وهذه رسائلي للسيسي

With grievances accumulating, economic and political conditions worsening, and the role of the political component and civil society receding, Hamdeen Sabahi warns that "the coming explosion will not be in the manner of January 25 and June 30."

February 10, 202510-2-2025

My Share of the Error | The Trade in Fear and the Spoils of Victimhoodنصيبي من الخطأ| تجارة الخوف وغنيمة المظلومية

Whenever I remember that answer, I am ashamed of it. I was wrong; indeed, it was a massacre. It was the widest and most painful. I regret that I witnessed it without having the power to prevent it, and I apologize because I condemned it in a faint voice.

January 28, 202528-1-2025

Hisham Kassem: I Will Not Retreat from My Political Path, and Military Rule Must End

The politician and publisher Hisham Kassem believes that his six-month imprisonment was originally meant to remove him from the political scene at the time of the presidential election, and he believes that the Arab-Israeli conflict will only be resolved through negotiations. March 5, 2024. Why Did God Not Create Me a Penguin?

My father tried to persuade the Brotherhood leaders who had not yet been arrested to decide to disperse the Rabaa sit-in in order to spare bloodshed, but no one responded, and some accused him of collaboration with the security agencies.

July 10, 202610-7-2026

Add to Alif · 6 words to learn
Y done · S save · G great · B bad · N not for me