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Gulf States and the International Order After the War

The Gulf states must move beyond adapting to global upheavals and become active architects of a more balanced regional and international order.

ديناميكيات ما بعد الحرب: الخليج في قلب نظام عالمي جديد
Middle East Council on Global Affairs · By خالد الجابر المدير العام · 17 May 2026 · read the original in Arabic →

الحروب لا تنتهي عندما تسكتُ المدافع. بل يُشير هذا السُكون إلى بداية مرحلة أكثر تعقيداً تتراكمُ فيها التداعيات الأمنية والسياسية والاقتصادية لتُعيد رسم ملامح أنظمة إقليمية ودولية جديدة. والتاريخ يزخرُ بشواهد على ذلك، فمعاهدة فرساي التي أعقبت الحرب العالمية الأولى أعادت رسم ملامح القرن العشرين بأكمله، وأرسى مؤتمر يالطا ركائز نظام ثنائي القطبية استمرّ لنحو نصف قرن. ومنطقة الخليج ليست استثناءً عن هذا المسار التاريخي.

Wars do not end when the guns fall silent. Rather, that silence marks the beginning of a more complex phase in which security, political, and economic repercussions accumulate, redrawing the features of new regional and international orders. History is replete with evidence of this: the Treaty of Versailles after the First World War reshaped the entire twentieth century, and the Yalta Conference laid the foundations of a bipolar order that endured for nearly half a century. The Gulf region is no exception to this historical course.

في السياق الراهن، لن تنته أي مواجهة إقليمية كبرى ولاسيّما تلك التي تتداخل فيها مصالح إيران وإسرائيل والولايات المتحدة بهذا الشكل المعقّد إلى إعادة النظام الإقليمي كما كان عليه في السابق. بل ستكرّس هذه المواجهة واقعاً جديداً يفرض على الجميع إجراء مراجعة عميقة لخياراتهم الاستراتيجية. ويجد ذلك صداه في طرح روبرت جيرفيس حول “إعادة تشكيل التوقّعات” في أعقاب الأزمات الكبرى، حيث تتبدّل معادلات الأمن، وتُعاد صياغة أنماط التحالفات، وتُكتب قواعد اللعبة من جديد على المستويين الإقليمي والدولي.1

In the present context, no major regional confrontation, especially one in which the interests of Iran, Israel, and the United States are intertwined in so complex a fashion, will end by restoring the regional order to what it was before. Rather, such a confrontation will consolidate a new reality that obliges everyone to undertake a profound reassessment of their strategic choices. This finds an echo in Robert Jervis's notion of the "reshaping of expectations" after major crises, when security equations shift, patterns of alliance are reformulated, and the rules of the game are written anew at both the regional and international levels.1

This research paper argues that the states of the Gulf Cooperation Council must reposition themselves strategically in the post-conflict phase, moving from merely adapting to international transformations to playing an active role in determining their future trajectories.

Throughout history, Iran has formed a central axis in the security calculations of the Gulf states and a principal driver in shaping the region's alliance strategy.2 Since the Iranian Islamic Revolution of 1979, Gulf security doctrine has rested on containing the Iranian threat in its military, ideological, and sectarian dimensions, a posture embodied in the very founding of the Gulf Cooperation Council in 1981 as a framework for collective security.

Yet the dynamics of conflict have recently revealed a fundamental shortcoming in this approach, which confines danger to a single security source. Escalation is no longer limited to one party rather than another; it may also arise from complex and unpredictable interactions among multiple regional and international actors. Israeli military operations in Gaza and Lebanon, the exchange of strikes between Israel and Iran, and tensions in the Red Sea have shown that the region's conflict fronts are more intertwined and more complex than traditional binaries suggest.

On this basis, the current reality imposes an urgent need to adopt an approach that does not focus on one particular actor, but instead concerns itself with managing the risks that may arise from the range of active regional powers, including Iran and Israel. This approach rests on three integrated pillars: comprehensive deterrence, preventive diplomatic engagement, and the development of independent indigenous capabilities.3

It will no longer be possible, in the postwar phase and especially in the Gulf region, to reduce the concept of deterrence to its traditional military dimension. The 2019 attacks on the Aramco facility in Abqaiq revealed that advanced air-defense systems alone are not sufficient to protect critical infrastructure. The region has also become more vulnerable to the escalation of cyberattacks targeting vital sectors, including energy, communications, and water.4

The comprehensive deterrence required in the post-conflict phase rests on three interrelated dimensions:

First, cyber and technological deterrence: strengthening capabilities in cyberspace at both the defensive and offensive levels has become an urgent priority. This is reflected in the acceleration of Gulf investment in this field through the establishment of specialized national cybersecurity bodies in the six GCC member states, alongside the development of local expertise in defensive artificial intelligence and advanced encryption technologies.5 Protecting energy networks, desalination systems, and communications infrastructure has become a strategic red line, since penetrating them threatens not only national security but the continuity of civilian life in states that depend almost entirely on desalination, climate control, and digital infrastructure.

Second, diversification of defense partnerships: this dimension requires moving from near-exclusive reliance on the American military system to a more diversified defense portfolio, limiting the United States' monopoly over Gulf security. In recent years, the Gulf states have taken tangible steps in this direction, from concluding arms deals with France, the United Kingdom, and South Korea to expanding military cooperation with Turkey and holding arms talks with Russia and China. The aim is not to dispense with the partnership with the United States, but to ensure that it does not become a monopoly that restricts the margin of strategic maneuver.

Third, preventive diplomatic engagement: this approach seeks to preserve open channels of communication with all parties. It was manifested in practice in the Saudi-Iranian agreement brokered by Beijing in March 2023, and in the mediating roles undertaken by both Qatar and the Sultanate of Oman in a number of sensitive regional files. The success of these channels in reducing tensions confirms that preventive diplomacy is not a luxury, but is itself a form of deterrence.

There is no doubt that the relationship with Washington is the most sensitive and complex issue in the reassessment of Gulf strategic calculations. The roots of this relationship go back to 1945, and it has formed the backbone of Gulf security for eight decades. Yet accumulating transformations, from the policies of "leading from behind" under Obama to the chaotic withdrawal from Afghanistan, through the limited response to the attacks on Aramco and up to the tensions linked to OPEC+ policies, have raised deep questions about the reliability of American security guarantees.

For the Gulf states, the war exposed a structural contradiction between the United States' commitment to Israel's security and its commitment to the security of its Gulf partners. When Washington is forced to choose between these two commitments at decisive moments of escalation, the imbalance in its priorities becomes plainly visible. This does not mean that disengagement from the American system is a realistic option, or even a desirable one, for the depth of the military, economic, and intelligence entanglement between the two sides makes separation extremely costly for both.6

What is required, then, is to recast the relationship on more balanced foundations through a partnership based on negotiation, and to transform the role of the less powerful party so that it becomes an active partner possessing real instruments of influence in the fields of energy, investment, and geopolitics, enabling it to affect the outcomes of that relationship. This is achievable.7

It is striking that the second Trump administration, which assumed power in January 2025, reframed the relationship between the Gulf and the United States in a transactional, interest-based approach that links security guarantees to Gulf economic and investment commitments within the American economy. This shift reflects the need for a Gulf approach more fully aware of the nature of this relationship and how to manage it.

It is important to understand the Gulf's dilemma within its broader international context. It is not an exceptional case, but rather reflects a global phenomenon from a regional vantage point. The United States' allies in Europe faced the same dilemma after the war in Ukraine, which exposed the fragility of European reliance on the American security umbrella and prompted Macron to advance the concept of "European strategic autonomy" as an institutional response to this reality.8

In East Asia, states such as Japan, South Korea, and Singapore have adopted a dual strategy based on preserving security partnerships with Washington while simultaneously deepening economic integration with Beijing, in a delicate balance that grows more difficult as competition between the United States and China intensifies.

This similarity in the responses of Washington's allies across three continents is not incidental. It reflects a profound structural transformation in the architecture of the international order, entrenching the transition from a United States-led unipolar order that emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union to a multipolar order in which centers of power are dispersed, so that no single party can any longer impose its will alone.9

In this context, diversification is no longer merely a Gulf option; it has become a general international trend adopted by middle and rising powers as the only rational response to the transformation of the global environment.

Amid this transformation, China occupies a central position in the reshaping of Gulf partnerships, but its role differs fundamentally from the American model based on the security umbrella, military bases, and direct defense guarantees. Beijing's approach in the Gulf is instead based on expanding influence without bearing security commitments, focusing on economic and technological dimensions and building interwoven networks of mutual dependence without offering explicit security guarantees.10

This model has appeared through multiple parallel tracks: from the Belt and Road Initiative, which has poured massive investments into Gulf infrastructure, to the conclusion of comprehensive strategic partnerships or strategic partnerships with all the GCC states, and on to sponsorship of the Saudi-Iranian agreement, which constituted Beijing's first major diplomatic breakthrough in a region long regarded as an exclusive sphere of American influence. Moreover, as of 2024, the volume of bilateral trade between the Gulf and China surpassed the volume of trade between the Gulf and the West, making Beijing the leading economic partner for most GCC states, a reality likely to affect any future strategic calculations.11

The Chinese model provides the Gulf states with a broader strategic margin for diversifying their partnerships. India, for its part, has begun gradually to turn into an active major security player in the Indian Ocean, with direct implications for the security of Gulf maritime corridors. Japan is also deepening its technological partnerships with the Gulf states to support the transformation of the energy sector, while South Korea is emerging as an increasingly important partner in defense and technology, and the European Union is seeking to strengthen its economic and political presence in the region. But the goal is not to replace one ally with another within a "zero-sum" equation; it is to build a balanced portfolio of partnerships that allows decision-makers to rely on credible alternatives in times of crisis.

The deeper challenge goes beyond the management of relations with the great powers and raises a fundamental question: can the Gulf states truly contribute to shaping the rules of the emerging international order, or will they remain confined to adapting to rules set by others? Today, the multiplicity of actors and the diversity of interactive mechanisms constitute a historic opportunity for middle powers to move from the position of recipient to that of a principal party in rule-making.12

In this context, the Gulf states possess four exceptional pillars that distinguish them from many other middle powers:

Financial weight: Gulf sovereign wealth funds manage assets exceeding $4 trillion,13 giving them exceptional influence in international financial institutions and global capital markets. When the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority or Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund invests in major economies, this is not limited to generating financial returns; it extends to building influential networks of geoeconomic power.

Strategic geographic location: the region controls two maritime passages of immense importance, the Strait of Hormuz and Bab al-Mandab, both vital arteries for global energy trade, through which around 30 percent of seaborne oil passes, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. This geographic reality makes Gulf stability a basic condition for the stability of the global economy, while giving its states a permanent instrument of influence resistant to the fluctuations of the political landscape.

Diplomatic capital: Gulf diplomacy is showing growing effectiveness in managing complex regional and international files, from Doha's hosting of negotiations with the Taliban to Oman's mediations in the Iranian nuclear file, and on to the Saudi-Iranian agreement sponsored by Beijing. The Gulf states have accumulated weighty diplomatic capital that employs relative neutrality and financial weight to strengthen an international credibility lacking among powers drawn into polarizations.14

Structural developmental transformations: economic-diversification visions such as Saudi Vision 2030, We the UAE 2031, and Qatar National Vision 2030 are radically reshaping the region's identity. After decades of reliance on oil exports, the Gulf is gradually moving toward becoming a global center for technology, financial services, logistics, tourism, and artificial intelligence. The impact of this transformation is not limited to strengthening the resilience of economies; it extends to entrenching the region's vital position within global value chains.

To activate these assets, the Gulf states must play a more effective role in steering the course of the transformations now under way,15 by formulating a shared Gulf vision of the desired international order, building alliances with middle powers whose interests intersect with theirs, such as Brazil, South Africa, India, and Turkey, and taking the initiative to put forward institutional projects within international frameworks to turn this vision into reality.

Building a more balanced and stable international order is not a project that can be achieved through a passing summit here or a unilateral agreement there; it is a long and complex path that requires strategic patience and institutional courage.16 Yet the war has exposed the fragility of existing regional and international arrangements, from the erosion of traditional deterrence systems and the inability of international institutions to contain escalation, to the decline in the credibility of security guarantees and the exposure of structural contradictions in unequal alliances. This makes such a path an urgent strategic necessity, not merely an academic proposition.

The vacuum left by the retreat of unipolar hegemony will not remain empty for long. Powers that hesitate to fill it will find themselves subject to rules set by others according to their own interests. Accordingly, the fundamental question is no longer: how can the Gulf states avoid the next war? The more urgent question has become: how can the Gulf states help build an international order that reduces the likelihood of war breaking out in the first place? The answer to this question will determine not only the future of the Gulf, but also the contours of the international order for decades to come.17

Y done · S save · G great · B bad · N not for me