translated from Hindi

बंगनामा: …जहां पान अब भी बरज में ही उपजता है

In Tamluk, the cultivation of betel leaf reveals how a fragile crop, a distinctive agrarian architecture, and a deeply rooted cultural habit have endured through changing technologies and markets.

The Wire Hindi · By Chandan Sinha · 11 July 2026 · read the original in Hindi →

I had been in Tamluk for some months. The monsoon had spent itself in torrential rain, and October 1995 too was taking its leave. Each day, in the mornings and after dusk, along with the smoke rising from village hearths, a light mist had begun to hover over the fields and roads. As the District Land and Land Reforms Officer, I spent most of my time touring the area, and in the course of coming and going I was continually learning new things about this extraordinarily fertile region of West Bengal.

Irrigated not only by the monsoon but by several rivers and two large canals, this tract was known for its rice production. But it was not the case that only paddy was cultivated here. Yes, those farmers who grew only rice harvested three crops a year. Yet I discovered that, besides paddy, a great deal else was grown here.

One day in the last week of October, after we had gone past the Nandakumar crossing, I noticed some fields along the roadside enclosed by dense fences of bamboo and wood, almost five feet high, and apparently thatched over from above as well. Greenery glimmered from within these enclosures. I could not understand what, after all, was being grown in these fields.

Pointing toward them, I asked the driver, “Okhane ki chash hochchhe? (What is being cultivated there?)” Without turning his head, the driver replied, “Sir, paan chash hochchhe. O gulo paaner boroj. Apni dekhben? (Sir, betel leaf is being cultivated there. Those are betel-leaf boroj. Would you like to see?)”

Now, paan is something that is in use throughout India, but in eastern India it is especially popular. From eastern Uttar Pradesh through Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Assam, and on to Tripura, wherever you go, you will hardly find a crossroads where three or four paan shops are not doing brisk business, and around which a red and brownish tint has not spread.

Until the 1990s, in these states, people of every class, in village and city alike, either consumed paan occasionally or habitually, or wished to do so. Since betel leaves are regarded as auspicious and have a place in every puja, and since all of us have heard their digestive virtues praised since childhood, it is first assumed that everyone ought to eat paan, and then forgotten that, more often than not, paan is a pretext for consuming zarda.

In West Bengal, chewing paan is an extremely common and accepted pastime. I had seen that in Medinipur district it was presumed that if you were an adult, you must surely consume paan. So when you visited someone’s home, before tea or refreshments were offered, you were given a glass of water so that you could rinse your mouth clean.

In any event, I had never seen a betel-leaf boroj from up close, so when the driver asked, I told him to stop the car. Going nearer, I saw that, in fact, fences about five feet high had been built on all sides with bamboo, wood, reeds, and thatch, with a roof-like covering above. This protected the delicate betel vines from harsh sun, rain, and wind, and kept the humidity and temperature inside under control. In that covered field, the betel vines had been carefully trained upward along rows of thin bamboo stakes or cords set about two feet apart.

In a nearby field, a farmer had gone inside the boroj, among the leaf-laden enclosures, and was irrigating with an earthen pot. In conversation with him, I learned that the betel plant is exceedingly tender. Strong sunlight can scorch its soft leaves, and excessive watering can rot the roots of the vines. For this reason, on the one hand, thatch has to be laid over the enclosure to protect the tender leaves from the sun; on the other, lest too much water fall on them, irrigation is carried out very carefully by bringing water from a pond in a pot.

This traditional method of irrigating betel leaf has now almost disappeared. In the present age, the means of irrigation have undergone notable modernization. Where water was once brought by hand from ponds to water the betel vines, pumps, PVC pipelines, micro-irrigation devices, sprayers, and, in some places, solar-powered pumps are now also being used.

This change has saved both labor and water, and has improved both the quality and productivity of paan. Similarly, there has been considerable progress in the materials used to build the boroj. The use of fine plastic netting, synthetic ropes, galvanized wire, and RCC pillars has made the betel-leaf boroj more durable, less labor-intensive, and more convenient from the point of view of maintenance.

Inside the boroj, an effort is made to maintain roughly 70 to 90 percent humidity, so that through controlled, regular irrigation and ventilation a microclimate may be created in which high-quality betel leaf can be grown. Though betel leaf is cultivated in many states of the country, such as Odisha, Bihar, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, and some other southern states as well, this boroj system of betel cultivation in Bengal is entirely distinctive.

On returning to Tamluk from the tour, I made inquiries and learned that this part of Medinipur, now East Medinipur district, is the largest betel-producing region in West Bengal. Many popular varieties are cultivated here, including Bangla, Meetha, Sanchi, Kali Bangla, and Simurali Bangla. As one would expect, Tamluk has also become a major center for the trade and marketing of paan, from where betel leaves are sent by air not only to various Indian states but also to several countries in the Middle East and Europe.

The destructive fashion of chewing gutka, which began in the 1980s and 1990s, had caused some hardship to betel farmers, but the ban on gutka production from 2012 brought relief. The use of paan declined somewhat, but in West Bengal, and especially in Tamluk, neither the cultivation of high-grade betel leaf nor the cultivators engaged in it have suffered any real change.

Over the past four decades, betel cultivation has undergone sweeping changes, but the farmers of Tamluk have not abandoned the basic structure of the paan boroj, because it is precisely that structure which creates the moist, shaded, and balanced microclimate necessary for excellent quality betel leaf.

Chandan Sinha is a former Indian Administrative Service officer, writer, and translator.

Click here to read all the articles in this series.(इस श्रृंखला के सभी लेख पढ़ने के लिए यहां क्लिक करें.)

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