translated from Turkish

New Phases in the Iran-Israel Struggle and the Balance of the Middle East

Mehmet Akif Koç argues that pressure on Iran has entered successive phases aimed at breaking the regime, while the wider Middle Eastern order is being reshaped around a dangerous imbalance in Israel’s favor.

Mehmet Akif Koç: Türkiye Ortadoğu’da, İran, İsrail ve Körfez Ülkelerinin birbirini dengelemesini ister
Daktilo 1984 · By Mehmet Akif Koç · 8 March 2026 · read the original in Turkish →

As the first week of the war drew to a close, we conducted an interview on our YouTube channel with Iran researcher Dr. Mehmet Akif Koç. We share with you the most important notes from the two-hour broadcast.

You can watch the full broadcast at this link.

New Phases in the Iran-Israel Struggle and the Balance of the Middle Eastİran–İsrail Mücadelesinde Yeni Fazlar ve Ortadoğu Dengesi

“I read the Iran-Israel struggle through a three-phase model.”

How do you view this latest U.S. and Israeli military intervention against Iran?

In my own modeling of the Iran-Israel struggle, I assess the process in terms of phases. In my view, we are now in the third phase.

After the Baath regime in Syria fell in December 2024, Iran’s turn came quickly. Roughly six months later, the first phase took place. This was the 12-day war in June.

Then, six months later, at the end of December 2025, protests rooted in the economic crisis broke out. These demonstrations spread rapidly, especially in Iran’s western regions, in areas inhabited by Kurds, Lurs, and Bakhtiaris. You will remember that Donald Trump also made remarks along the lines of, “How nice it would be if the Kurds went in and fought.” In fact, he was saying this quite openly.

In that process, Israel and the United States attempted to bring down the regime on the ground, but they did not succeed. Because the Iranian state, in terms of security and intelligence, is still a strong state. They did not allow it on the ground.

Yet the Iranian regime did all this at the cost of killing its own citizens. Thousands of people lost their lives in the streets. The Iranian leadership employed a very harsh method of repression in order not to allow the emergence of an internal turmoil that could be exploited by America and Israel.

“Iran describes this as ‘spreading corruption on earth.’”

When I explain these issues on television programs, people generally listen while nodding their heads. But when I say, “Iran did this at the cost of killing its own citizens,” there is a pause. Yet the reality is this: thousands of people were killed in the streets. That, too, is one reality of the matter.

The Iranian leadership describes these events as “spreading corruption on earth.” They therefore regard such harsh interventions as legitimate and do not dwell on them very much. But when we look at it objectively, the reality does not change: people were killed in the streets, and their numbers reached into the thousands.

“The first and second phases failed.”

Thus the first and second phases also failed. At the time, I said the following on television programs as well: after this second phase, third, fourth, and fifth phases will come. They probably will not wait six months for these. Indeed, that is what happened. About a month and a half later, we arrived at the third phase.

My view is this: if this phase also fails, and as of its first week it appears to have failed because they have not reached the objectives they wanted, then we will see fourth and fifth phases too without waiting another six months. In other words, this pressure will continue until the Iranian regime falls.

“There are four main actors in the Middle East.”

How do you assess the debate over whether “Turkey’s turn will come”?

It is necessary to look at this question from a realist perspective. I come more from the neoclassical realist school, and I find this approach more reasonable for explaining the behavior of international actors. I wrote my doctoral thesis on this theory, and even added, in my own way, a fifth parameter to the model. It was a parameter I developed by examining the foreign policies of Iran and Turkey.

In my reading of the Middle East, there are four main actors: Turkey, Iran, Israel, and the Gulf Arabs. By the Gulf Arabs, I do not mean Kuwait or Bahrain. I mean Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. Although there are certain nuances among them, in international politics they often act in similar fashion. For this reason, I treat them as a single actor.

“The room for maneuver of the other actors is the space left by these four actors.”

The other actors in the region, such as the Kurds, the Druze, the administration in Syria, and states like Egypt, Jordan, and Iraq, are in fact able to move within the spaces created by the rivalry among these four main actors. That is to say, they do not possess an entirely independent capacity for agency. But these four main actors do.

“Turkey wants a balanced Middle East.”

The basic approach in Turkey’s Middle East policy is this: Turkey prefers the other three actors to balance one another. That is, it wants Iran, Israel, and the Gulf countries to exhaust one another’s power and to counterbalance one another. From Turkey’s standpoint, this is the ideal scenario. Since the end of the Cold War, Turkish foreign policy has largely proceeded in this way.

The rise of the Gulf Arabs as a regional actor, meanwhile, took place after the 2000s. Iran and Israel were already important actors. So was Turkey. With the 2000s, the Gulf countries too became a distinct actor in this equation.

“The 2003 invasion of Iraq produced Iran’s regional domination.”

After the invasion of Iraq in 2003, the balances changed seriously. There are certain concrete indications that, at the time, Iran moved tacitly in the same direction as America on the question of overthrowing the Saddam regime. In the end, with the 2005 Iraqi Constitution, the Shiites, who constituted a significant portion of the population, gained political strength.

This situation caused Iraq to become open to Iran’s influence. Iran, for its part, was already prepared for the scenario that would follow this chaos. They armed groups close to them in Iraq, and with the stoking of Shiite-Sunni conflict as well, Iran’s regional influence increased substantially.

“Iran used to say it controlled four and a half capitals.”

From 2003 to 2023, Iran established a serious domination in the region. Indeed, Iranian officials themselves said this openly. They said, “We control four capitals.” I add Gaza to this and call it “four and a half capitals.”

One of the figures who voiced such statements was Ali Reza Zakani, an influential name in Iran’s foreign policy circles. Similar statements also came from other Iranian officials. A message Qasem Soleimani sent around 2010-2011 to David Petraeus, commander of U.S. Central Command, illustrates this situation very well. In his message he says: “If you are going to discuss an issue concerning Iraq and Syria, you will speak with me.” In other words, he is saying that they should speak not with Iraq’s prime minister or Syria’s leader, but directly with him.

“This domination disturbed the other actors.”

Iran really did possess such a domination, and this seriously disturbed the other actors in the region. Israel and the Gulf countries, as well as Turkey, were disturbed by it. So what happened in the end?

The Syrian civil war that began in 2011 lasted about 14 years. It continued until the end of 2024. And at the end of the war, the other three actors, Turkey, Israel, and the Gulf countries, united against Iran under American coordination and toppled the Baath regime in Syria.

“After October 7, this time Israel’s domination emerged.”

Between 2003 and 2023, Iran had an abnormal domination. But this was in fact an anomaly. It was a sphere of power beyond Iran’s capacity to absorb. After October 7, however, this time Israel’s abnormal domination emerged.

When we look at the region’s airspaces today, the picture is as follows:

- Britain controls Jordan’s airspace, with indirect Israeli influence.

- Israel directly controls Lebanon’s airspace.

- Israel directly controls Syria’s airspace.

- America controls Iraq’s airspace, and this gives Israel an advantage.

In the June 2025 war, the fact that Israeli aircraft could take off from Tel Aviv with 200 planes and strike Tehran from roughly 1,600 kilometers away became the most concrete indication of this domination. And they did this for 12 days.

“Turkey does not want the balances to be upset.”

This picture points to a serious imbalance of power in the Middle East. Yet the order Turkey prefers is one in which the actors in the region balance one another. Turkey does not want any actor to gain excessive power over the others. Therefore, when assessing the question of whether “Turkey’s turn will come,” it is necessary to take this four-actor balance into account.

The United States has now thrown its support entirely behind Israel and is trying to create a regional design in Israel’s favor. Within this design, much of the structures in the Middle East that have kept their distance from America and Israel since the Cold War have been eliminated. From this standpoint, the Iranian regime is the only actor still standing, and they are now trying to bring it down as well.

Y done · S save · G great · B bad · N not for me