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رأس مال بوب بلاد الشام

Saudi Arabia’s celebrated recent ascent in entertainment rests on a much longer history of Saudi capital and ownership reshaping Arab music, media, and pop taste as instruments of political transformation.

Ma3azef · 15 January 2026 · read the original in Arabic →

“لطالما ارتبطت الثقافة ووسائل الإعلام بالسلطة عبر تاريخ المملكة العربية السعودية، حيث لم يكن دخول الحكومة إلى عالم الموسيقى بالأمر الجديد، فمنذ التسعينات، دأب أفراد العائلة المالكة السعودية على إنتاج وتوزيع الموسيقى التجارية في الخارج على الرغم من حظرها في الداخل”، يقول الباحث عمرو عبد الرحيم في ورقة بحثية تناولت مشهد الموسيقى في السعودية، في إشارة إلى أن الحضور السعودي في هذه الصناعة يتجاوز رؤية ٢٠٣٠ التي أطلقها ولي العهد السعودي محمد بن سلمان عام ٢٠١٦، والتي شكّلت ذروة صعود القطاع الترفيهي في المملكة.

“Culture and the media have always been bound up with power throughout the history of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the government’s entry into the world of music was not new: since the 1990s, members of the Saudi royal family have been producing and distributing commercial music abroad despite its prohibition at home,” the researcher Amr Abdel Rahim writes in a paper on the music scene in Saudi Arabia, pointing out that the Saudi presence in this industry predates Vision 2030, launched by Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman in 2016, which marked the high point of the entertainment sector’s rise in the Kingdom.

اغتنمت السعودية منذ التسعينات الفرص التي أتاحها تراجع المشهد الإعلامي العربي في منطقة بلاد الشام، في أعقاب حرب العراق، لتبدأ بناء إمبراطورية إعلامية منفتحة على العالم الخارجي، تُهيمن على الموسيقى والإعلام في منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا طوال العقد التالي. كان لهذا التوسع أثرٌ كبير في صناعة موسيقى البوب في لبنان وسوريا على وجه الخصوص، إذ كان نجوم المرحلة، وفي مقدمتهم نانسي عجرم ونوال الزغبي، وراغب علامة ووليد توفيق وأصالة نصري، يتخذون من شاشات التلفزيون – التي تديرها شركات إنتاج موسيقي – منبرًا لهم.

Since the 1990s, Saudi Arabia has seized the opportunities created by the decline of the Arab media scene in the Levant after the Iraq War, beginning to build a media empire open to the outside world, one that would dominate music and media in the Middle East and North Africa throughout the following decade. This expansion had a major impact on the pop-music industry in Lebanon and Syria in particular, as the stars of the period, foremost among them Nancy Ajram, Nawal El Zoghbi, Ragheb Alama, Walid Toufic, and Assala Nasri, made television screens, run by music-production companies, their platform.

The Acquisition of Rotanaالاستحواذ على روتانا

The 1990s saw a revolution in satellite broadcasting, accompanied by the emergence of music videos as an important promotional medium. Studies that have tracked music-broadcasting practices in the Middle East indicate that the major pay-TV channels were the ones presenting music as a value-added product to attract subscriptions. For example, the Saudi-owned Orbit channel introduced Music Now in 1994, devoted to Western and later Arabic music videos, while Arab Radio and Television, ART, focused on Arabic music and developed a partnership with Rotana Music Publishing to produce and air music videos, interviews, and concerts.

Rotana was founded in 1987 by the Lebanese Nagro brothers and began as a record company before expanding into a comprehensive media group in the Middle East, encompassing film production, television channels, radio stations, a music company, and a magazine. Since then, it has played a pivotal role in supporting the music industry in the Arab region and in producing Arabic pop music, as an independent Lebanese music company. Rotana’s pre-Saudi history lasted fifteen years, during which it succeeded in signing and promoting many rising Lebanese pop stars, helping to support their early artistic careers or their regional expansion.

Ragheb Alama was among the first Lebanese artists for whom Rotana produced songs in the early 1990s, though it did not sign them fully. At that stage, however, Ragheb was offering a mixture of classical and Lebanese pop music, rather than the modern pop character that became more evident in his later releases. This difference appears clearly when comparing the music videos for his song “Albi Asheqha” at the beginning of the 1990s and “Saharouni El Leil” at the beginning of the 2000s. In the case of the first song, “Albi Asheqha” was regarded as the first music video in the Arab region and achieved the highest regional distribution at the time, even though the clip, directed by Raja Zahr, was filmed “clandestinely in a café in Los Angeles,” as the Lebanese singer recounted in an episode of the program Sahebat al-Saada, because he did not have enough money to obtain the necessary permits, a claim the Zahr Brothers company later denied.

The clip used DSLR filming styles with relatively good low-light capabilities, and shows Ragheb Alama moving through a mixture of performance and montage, with black-and-white photography in some background scenes set against color close-ups, as well as an emphasis on shots of cars, a Jeep Wrangler and a Mercedes SLR, that echo Western pop culture. Musically, the song was regarded as one of the most important releases to help shape the features of contemporary Arab pop: romantic in character, blending Western rhythm with Eastern melody, and employing short phrases that are easy to memorize and harmonious with the tune.

His song “Saharouni El Leil,” by contrast, was the first music video Rotana officially produced for Ragheb Alama in 2002 after the Saudi acquisition of the company, and it came within a new production vision that reflected the development of the Arab visual industry and a renewal in the musical-production style. The video used laughing cartoon figures moving within the live-action segments, alongside the video’s heroine, Karen Fahmy, dancing spontaneously, and Ragheb’s youthful performance in a shiny black leather jacket.

“Saharouni El Leil” was lighter and closer to dance-inflected Eastern pop, rich in electronic rhythms and tabla music, in keeping with the pattern of its repetitive popular lyrics. Between the two songs lay the transitional phase in which the Lebanese song moved from classics closer to tarab toward attractive commercial pop, a phase to which the shifts in Rotana’s ownership, and in the region’s music scene more generally, contributed.

In 1995, the Saudi prince Alwaleed bin Talal bought shares, of unspecified value, in Rotana Audio and Visual, whose value at the time of purchase was only one million dollars. That investment expanded in 2002 with the acquisition of around 48 percent of the Rotana Media Group, before his stake rose to 100 percent by 2003, bringing the entire media group under the umbrella of Saudi Arabia’s Kingdom Holding Company.

Although Alwaleed bin Talal had financed the launch of ART, Arab Radio and Television, in 1994, as well as Orbit, a year before buying shares in Rotana, the Saudi acquisition of Rotana marked a turning point in the history of the Saudi media empire and in Prince bin Talal’s career, making him the leading figure in Arab audiovisual media. This was especially clear with Rotana’s expansion in 2003, through the launch of its television network, which included five free satellite channels: Rotana Mousica, Rotana Clip, Rotana Tarab, Rotana Aghani, and Rotana Khalijia.

The Rotana Music Group developed into a dominant force in the Arabic music industry, producing and distributing content across various platforms and opening local and regional offices, in addition to its headquarters in Riyadh, in Jeddah, Dubai, Kuwait, Cairo, and Beirut. The company also manages more than 140 Arab artists, from pop and tarab singers to electronic-music producers, making it a major center for the production and management of Arabic musical content, for shaping musical taste, and, one might say, an indispensable stop for any artist seeking fame.

One research paper published in the International Journal of Communication indicates that the largest share of musical-content development, production, and acquisition remains in the hands of those working within the traditional broadcasting environment, despite the rise of the digital age. Rotana still dominates 70 percent of artist development and their productions, while the remaining share is distributed among other production companies, most of them Saudi-owned, even if they sometimes play a competitive role against Rotana, such as Platinum Records, affiliated with the MBC network.

Manufacturing Pop Tasteصناعة ذائقة البوب

The Middle East Broadcasting Center, MBC, was launched in London in 1991 as the first free private satellite station in the Arab world, with channels ranging across musical content, news coverage, and Bollywood films. Walid al-Ibrahim, a relative of Saudi King Fahd, was one of its founders, and at the time its only competitor in the Arab arena was the Rotana Group, which was later sold to Alwaleed bin Talal. Then, in 2007, Platinum Records was founded in Dubai as the music-production arm of the MBC Group, and it became closely associated with Lebanese artistic voices that emerged from talent shows, such as Diana Haddad.

Rotana and MBC alike provided music and video production for most Lebanese pop artists, alongside pop-music programs, the most famous of them Top of the Pops, presented by Razan Maghrebi, as well as exclusive artist interviews and live footage of pop artists’ concerts from cities around the world.

The Somali poet Momtaza Mehri writes in her essay on pop and petroleum that both companies propelled pop stars to fame at the expense of the region’s linguistic, musical, and stylistic diversity, as every other form of musical cultural production was diminished in favor of a polished homogenization driven by SMS technologies and cyberspace. With it, the cassette economy receded, and the particularity bound up with dialects, identities, traditions, class backgrounds, and tastes disappeared; certain tones and dialects were deemed insufficiently attractive compared with the model of the sleek pop star, who was used to sell everything from soft drinks to diamond jewelry.

A research paper titled “The Dubai Effect” examined the dynamics of Arabic pop music under Saudi financial support, which formed a soft power that helps shape and disseminate contemporary Arab pop culture, and considered the artistic experience of a number of pop stars. In discussing the experience of the artist Assala, the paper says: “She embodies a transnational Arab identity: she does not represent her homeland, Syria, as Umm Kulthum represented Egypt, or as Fairuz represented Lebanon … highlighting the new dynamics of regional influence in Arabic pop music. She now has a very large fan base in the Gulf, alongside her Egyptian albums since the early 2000s.”

Beyond the conspicuous musical shift from tarab to pop during the early 1990s, and the commercial character that accompanied it, Riyadh’s emergence in controlling the music and media institutions of the Levant was also manifested in the decline of Egypt’s centrality in Arab music. Cairo had long dominated Arab cultural production, drawing on the intellectual, educational, and technological renaissance it had achieved, and on the Egyptian centrality promoted by the culture of Nasserist Arab nationalism. This pushed artists to sing in the Egyptian dialect and to migrate to Egypt in pursuit of fame and fortune, before that condition receded and Saudi Arabia became a rival cultural pole.

Saudi Arabia did not stop at positioning itself in the region’s two poles of music production through the acquisition of Rotana and the MBC Group; it also supported the Lebanese channel LBC’s launch of the talent show Star Academy in 2003. Moreover, Saudis had owned nearly half of LBC’s satellite channel since its establishment in 1996, when the Saudi businessman Saleh Kamel initially acquired 49 percent of the shares before selling them to Prince Alwaleed bin Talal, enabling LBC to expand in competition with MBC’s entertainment programs. In other words, Saudi Arabia was not merely managing media outlets and music-production companies; it was also managing, and profiting from, the competition among them.

The rise of Saudi Arabia in the entertainment and cultural sectors is often reduced to Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s post-oil program, the launch of entertainment authorities chaired by Turki Alalshikh, and the organization of Riyadh Season, which aims to turn the Saudi capital into a global entertainment and tourist destination. Yet it is the long history of Saudi Arabia’s vigorous and lavish presence in building a media empire that captures the Arab music industry and its artists that made possible this soft transformation in the Arab pop scene, which was framed in a vast official media campaign as an achievement of Vision 2030.

Some dispute Saudi Arabia’s ability to make these enormous government investments reflect a diversification of the Saudi economy, such that the music industries would represent between 1 and 2 percent of GDP, according to the target Saudi Arabia has set for itself. But this argument overlooks the political achievements Saudi Arabia has secured by changing the image of the regime through control over the live and recorded music industries.

Abdel Rahim says in the paper from which this research article begins: “Saudi Arabia’s political economy cannot be studied within the prevailing model of the rentier state, because the distribution of power and resources in a given society is not an automatic result, but the outcome of historical processes. Thus, enormous musical investments are not conspicuous spending by an extravagant state or society; they are an integral part of political transformation.”

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